Moving Averages With Continuous Periods [macp]This script reimagines traditional moving averages by introducing floating-point period calculations, allowing for fractional lengths rather than being constrained to whole numbers. At its core, it provides SMA, WMA, and HMA variants that can work with any decimal length, which proves especially valuable when creating dynamic indicators or fine-tuning existing strategies.
The most significant improvement lies in the Hull Moving Average implementation. By properly handling floating-point mathematics throughout the calculation chain, this version reduces the overshoot tendencies that often plague integer-based HMAs. The result is a more responsive yet controlled indicator that better captures price action without excessive whipsaw.
The visual aspect incorporates a trend gradient system that can adapt to different trading styles. Rather than using fixed coloring, it offers several modes ranging from simple solid colors to more nuanced three-tone gradients that help identify trend transitions. These gradients are normalized against ATR to provide context-aware visual feedback about trend strength.
From a practical standpoint, the floating-point approach eliminates the subtle discontinuities that occur when integer-based moving averages switch periods. This makes the indicator particularly useful in systems where the MA period itself is calculated from market conditions, as it can smoothly transition between different lengths without artificial jumps.
At the heart of this implementation lies the concept of continuous weights rather than discrete summation. Traditional moving averages treat each period as a distinct unit with integer indexing. However, when we move to floating-point periods, we need to consider how fractional periods should behave. This leads us to some interesting mathematical considerations.
Consider the Weighted Moving Average kernel. The weight function is fundamentally a slope: -x + length where x represents the position in the averaging window. The normalization constant is calculated by integrating (in our discrete case, summing) this slope across the window. What makes this implementation special is how it handles the fractional component - when the length isn't a whole number, the final period gets weighted proportionally to its fractional part.
For the Hull Moving Average, the mathematics become particularly intriguing. The standard HMA formula HMA = WMA(2*WMA(price, n/2) - WMA(price, n), sqrt(n)) is preserved, but now each WMA calculation operates in continuous space. This creates a smoother cascade of weights that better preserves the original intent of the Hull design - to reduce lag while maintaining smoothness.
The Simple Moving Average's treatment of fractional periods is perhaps the most elegant. For a length like 9.7, it weights the first 9 periods fully and the 10th period at 0.7 of its value. This creates a natural transition between integer periods that traditional implementations miss entirely.
The Gradient Mathematics
The trend gradient system employs normalized angular calculations to determine color transitions. By taking the arctangent of price changes normalized by ATR, we create a bounded space between 0 and 1 that represents trend intensity. The formula (arctan(Δprice/ATR) + 90°)/180° maps trend angles to this normalized space, allowing for smooth color transitions that respect market volatility context.
This mathematical framework creates a more theoretically sound foundation for moving averages, one that better reflects the continuous nature of price movement in financial markets. The implementation recognizes that time in markets isn't truly discrete - our sampling might be, but the underlying process we're trying to measure is continuous. By allowing for fractional periods, we're creating a better approximation of this continuous reality.
This floating-point moving average implementation offers tangible benefits for traders and analysts who need precise control over their indicators. The ability to fine-tune periods and create smooth transitions makes it particularly valuable for automated systems where moving average lengths are dynamically calculated from market conditions. The Hull Moving Average calculation now accurately reflects its mathematical formula while maintaining responsiveness, making it a practical choice for both systematic and discretionary trading approaches. Whether you're building dynamic indicators, optimizing existing strategies, or simply want more precise control over your moving averages, this implementation provides the mathematical foundation to do so effectively.
M-trend
Dynamic 200 EMA with Trend-Based ColoringDescription:
This script plots the 200-period Exponential Moving Average (EMA) and dynamically changes its color based on the trend direction. The script helps traders quickly identify whether the price is above or below the 200 EMA, which is widely used as a long-term trend indicator.
How It Works:
The script calculates the 200 EMA based on the closing price.
If the price is above the EMA, it suggests a bullish trend, and the EMA line turns green.
If the price is below the EMA, it suggests a bearish trend, and the EMA line turns red.
An optional background color is added to enhance visual clarity, highlighting the current trend direction.
Use Cases:
Trend Confirmation: Helps traders determine if the overall trend is bullish or bearish.
Support and Resistance: The 200 EMA is often used as dynamic support/resistance.
Entry & Exit Signals: Traders can use crossovers with the 200 EMA as potential trade signals.
This script is designed for traders looking for a simple yet effective way to incorporate trend visualization into their charts. It is fully open-source and can be customized to fit individual trading strategies.
Swing Profile Analyzer [ChartPrime]Swing Profile Analyzer
The Swing Profile Analyzer is a comprehensive tool designed to provide traders with valuable insights into swing frequency profiles, enabling them to identify key price levels and areas of market interest.
⯁ KEY FEATURES
Swing Frequency Profiles
Automatically plots frequency profiles for each swing, highlighting price distribution and key levels of significance.
Point of Control (POC) Line
Marks the price level with the highest number of closes within a swing, acting as a key area for potential price reactions.
Customizable Trend Display
Allows users to toggle between displaying profiles for bullish swings, bearish swings, or both, offering tailored analysis.
Integrated ZigZag Lines
Visualizes swing highs and lows, providing a clear picture of market trends and reversals.
Dynamic Profile Visualization
Profiles are color-coded to indicate the frequency of closes, with the highest value bins distinctly marked for easy recognition.
Max Frequency Highlight
Displays numerical values for the most active price level within each profile, showing how many closes occurred at the peak bin.
Updates only after swing formed
Profiles and POC lines automatically appear after swing is done
⯁ HOW TO USE
Identify Critical Price Levels
Use the POC line and frequency distribution to locate levels where price is likely to react or consolidate.
Analyze Swing Characteristics
Observe swing profiles to understand the strength, duration, and behavior of market trends.
Plan Entries and Exits
Leverage significant price levels and high-frequency bins to make more informed trading decisions.
Focus on Specific Trends
Filter profiles to analyze bullish or bearish swings based on your trading strategy.
⯁ CONCLUSION
The Swing Profile Analyzer is an essential tool for traders seeking to understand price dynamics within market swings. By combining frequency profiles, POC levels, and trend visualization, it enhances your ability to interpret and act on market movements effectively.
High-Probability IndicatorExplanation of the Code
Trend Filter (EMA):
A 50-period Exponential Moving Average (EMA) is used to determine the overall trend.
trendUp is true when the price is above the EMA.
trendDown is true when the price is below the EMA.
Momentum Filter (RSI):
A 14-period RSI is used to identify overbought and oversold conditions.
oversold is true when RSI ≤ 30.
overbought is true when RSI ≥ 70.
Volatility Filter (ATR):
A 14-period Average True Range (ATR) is used to measure volatility.
ATR is multiplied by a user-defined multiplier (default: 2.0) to set a volatility threshold.
Ensures trades are only taken during periods of sufficient volatility.
Entry Conditions:
Long Entry: Price is above the EMA (uptrend), RSI is oversold, and the candle range exceeds the ATR threshold.
Short Entry: Price is below the EMA (downtrend), RSI is overbought, and the candle range exceeds the ATR threshold.
Exit Conditions:
Take Profit: A fixed percentage above/below the entry price.
Stop Loss: A fixed percentage below/above the entry price.
Visualization:
The EMA is plotted on the chart.
Background colors highlight uptrends and downtrends.
Buy and sell signals are displayed as labels on the chart.
Alerts:
Alerts are triggered for buy and sell signals.
How to Use the Indicator
Trend Filter:
Only take trades in the direction of the trend (e.g., long in an uptrend, short in a downtrend).
Momentum Filter:
Look for oversold conditions in an uptrend for long entries.
Look for overbought conditions in a downtrend for short entries.
Volatility Filter:
Ensure the candle range exceeds the ATR threshold to avoid low-volatility trades.
Risk Management:
Use the built-in take profit and stop loss levels to manage risk.
Optimization Tips
Backtesting:
Test the indicator on multiple timeframes and assets to evaluate its performance.
Adjust the input parameters (e.g., EMA length, RSI length, ATR multiplier) to optimize for specific markets.
Combination with Other Strategies:
Add additional filters, such as volume analysis or support/resistance levels, to improve accuracy.
Risk Management:
Use proper position sizing and risk-reward ratios to maximize profitability.
Disclaimer
No indicator can guarantee an 85% win ratio due to the inherent unpredictability of financial markets. This script is provided for educational purposes only. Always conduct thorough backtesting and paper trading before using any strategy in live trading.
Let me know if you need further assistance or enhancements!
High-Low Breakout Strategy with ATR traling Stop LossThis script is a TradingView Pine Script strategy that implements a High-Low Breakout Strategy with ATR Trailing Stop.created by SK WEALTH GURU, Here’s a breakdown of its key components:
Features and Functionality
Custom Timeframe and High-Low Detection
Allows users to select a custom timeframe (default: 30 minutes) to detect high and low levels.
Tracks the high and low within a user-specified period (e.g., first 30 minutes of the session).
Draws horizontal lines for high and low, persisting for a specified number of days.
Trade Entry Conditions
Long Entry: If the closing price crosses above the recorded high.
Short Entry: If the closing price crosses below the recorded low.
The user can choose to trade Long, Short, or Both.
ATR-Based Trailing Stop & Risk Management
Uses Average True Range (ATR) with a multiplier (default: 3.5) to determine a dynamic trailing stop-loss.
Trades reset daily, ensuring a fresh start each day.
Trade Execution and Partial Profit Taking
Stop-loss: Default at 1% of entry price.
Partial profit: Books 50% of the position at 3% profit.
Max 2 trades per day: If the first trade hits stop-loss, the strategy allows one re-entry.
Intraday Exit Condition
All positions close at 3:15 PM to ensure no overnight risk.
Quantitative Breakout Bands (AIBitcoinTrend)Quantitative Breakout Bands (AIBitcoinTrend) is an advanced indicator designed to adapt to dynamic market conditions by utilizing a Kalman filter for real-time data analysis and trend detection. This innovative tool empowers traders to identify price breakouts, evaluate trends, and refine their trading strategies with precision.
👽 What Are Quantitative Breakout Bands, and Why Are They Unique?
Quantitative Breakout Bands combine advanced filtering techniques (Kalman Filters) with statistical measures such as mean absolute error (MAE) to create adaptive price bands. These bands adjust to market conditions dynamically, providing insights into volatility, trend strength, and breakout opportunities.
What sets this indicator apart is its ability to incorporate both position (price) and velocity (rate of price change) into its calculations, making it highly responsive yet smooth. This dual consideration ensures traders get reliable signals without excessive lag or noise.
👽 The Math Behind the Indicator
👾 Kalman Filter Estimation:
At the core of the indicator is the Kalman Filter, a recursive algorithm used to predict the next state of a system based on past observations. It incorporates two primary elements:
State Prediction: The indicator predicts future price (position) and velocity based on previous values.
Error Covariance Adjustment: The process and measurement noise parameters refine the prediction's accuracy by balancing smoothness and responsiveness.
👾 Breakout Bands Calculation:
The breakout bands are derived from the mean absolute error (MAE) of price deviations relative to the filtered trendline:
float upperBand = kalmanPrice + bandMultiplier * mae
float lowerBand = kalmanPrice - bandMultiplier * mae
The multiplier allows traders to adjust the sensitivity of the bands to market volatility.
👾 Slope-Based Trend Detection:
A weighted slope calculation measures the gradient of the filtered price over a configurable window. This slope determines whether the market is trending bullish, bearish, or neutral.
👾 Trailing Stop Mechanism:
The trailing stop employs the Average True Range (ATR) to calculate dynamic stop levels. This ensures positions are protected during volatile moves while minimizing premature exits.
👽 How It Adapts to Price Movements
Dynamic Noise Calibration: By adjusting process and measurement noise inputs, the indicator balances smoothness (to reduce noise) with responsiveness (to adapt to sharp price changes).
Trend Responsiveness: The Kalman Filter ensures that trend changes are quickly identified, while the slope calculation adds confirmation.
Volatility Sensitivity: The MAE-based bands expand and contract in response to changes in market volatility, making them ideal for breakout detection.
👽 How Traders Can Use the Indicator
👾 Breakout Detection:
Bullish Breakouts: When the price moves above the upper band, it signals a potential upward breakout.
Bearish Breakouts: When the price moves below the lower band, it signals a potential downward breakout.
The trailing stop feature offers a dynamic way to lock in profits or minimize losses during trending moves.
👾 Trend Confirmation:
The color-coded Kalman line and slope provide visual cues:
Bullish Trend: Positive slope, green line.
Bearish Trend: Negative slope, red line.
👽 Why It’s Useful for Traders
Dynamic and Adaptive: The indicator adjusts to changing market conditions, ensuring relevance across timeframes and asset classes.
Noise Reduction: The Kalman Filter smooths price data, eliminating false signals caused by short-term noise.
Comprehensive Insights: By combining breakout detection, trend analysis, and risk management, it offers a holistic trading tool.
👽 Indicator Settings
Process Noise (Position & Velocity): Adjusts filter responsiveness to price changes.
Measurement Noise: Defines expected price noise for smoother trend detection.
Slope Window: Configures the lookback for slope calculation.
Lookback Period for MAE: Defines the sensitivity of the bands to volatility.
Band Multiplier: Controls the band width.
ATR Multiplier: Adjusts the sensitivity of the trailing stop.
Line Width: Customizes the appearance of the trailing stop line.
Disclaimer: This indicator is designed for educational purposes and does not constitute financial advice. Please consult a qualified financial advisor before making investment decisions.
Choppiness IndexThis Pine Script v6 indicator calculates the Choppiness Index over a user-defined length and segments it based on user-defined thresholds for choppy and trending market conditions. The indicator allows users to toggle the visibility of choppy, trending, and neutral segments using checkboxes.
Here's how it works:
Inputs: Users can set the length for the Choppiness Index calculation and thresholds for choppy and trending conditions. They can also choose which segments to display.
Choppiness Index Calculation: The script calculates the Choppiness Index using the ATR and the highest-high and lowest-low over the specified length.
Segment Determination: The script determines which segment the current Choppiness Index value falls into based on the thresholds. The color changes exactly at the threshold values.
Dynamic Plotting: The Choppiness Index is plotted with a color that changes based on the segment. The plot is only visible if the segment is "turned on" by the user.
Threshold Lines: Dashed horizontal lines are plotted at the choppy and trending thresholds for reference.
This indicator helps traders visualize market conditions and identify potential transitions between choppy and trending phases, with precise color changes at the threshold values.
TVMC - Composite Indicator with Technical RatingsDescription:
The TVMC (Trend, Volume, Momentum, Composite) indicator is a powerful multi-component tool designed to provide traders with a comprehensive understanding of market conditions. By combining four essential technical analysis components—trend, momentum, volume, and volatility—this indicator offers clear and actionable insights to assist in decision-making.
Key Features:
1. Trend Component (TC):
* Based on MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence), this component analyzes the relationship between two exponential moving averages (fast and slow) to determine the prevailing market trend.
* The MACD signal is normalized to a range of -1 to +1 for consistency and clarity.
2. Momentum Component (MC):
* Utilizes RSI (Relative Strength Index) to measure the strength and speed of price movements.
* This component highlights overbought or oversold conditions, which may indicate potential market reversals.
3. Volume Confirmation (VC):
* Compares the current trading volume to its moving average over a specified period.
* High volume relative to the average confirms the validity of the current trend.
4. Volatility Filter (VF):
* Uses ATR (Average True Range) to gauge market volatility.
* Adjusts and smooths signals to reduce noise during periods of high volatility.
5. Technical Ratings Integration:
* Incorporates TradingView’s Technical Ratings, allowing users to validate signals using moving averages, oscillators, or a combination of both.
* Users can choose their preferred source of ratings for enhanced signal confirmation.
How It Works:
The TVMC indicator combines the weighted contributions of the Trend, Momentum, and Volume components, further refined by the Volatility Filter. Each component plays a specific role:
* Trend: Identifies whether the market is bullish, bearish, or neutral.
* Momentum: Highlights the strength of price action.
* Volume: Confirms whether the current price action is supported by sufficient trading activity.
* Volatility: Filters out excessive noise in volatile market conditions, providing a smoother and more reliable output.
Visualization:
1. Bullish Signals:
* The indicator line turns green and remains above the zero line, indicating upward momentum.
2. Bearish Signals:
* The indicator line turns red and falls below the zero line, signaling downward momentum.
3. Neutral Signals:
* The line is orange and stays near zero, indicating a lack of strong trend or momentum.
4. Zones:
* Horizontal lines at +30 and -30 mark strong bullish and bearish zones, respectively.
* A zero line is included for clear separation between bullish and bearish signals.
Recommended Usage:
* Best Timeframes: The indicator is optimized for higher timeframes such as 4-hour (H4) and daily (D1) charts.
* Trading Style: Suitable for swing and positional trading.
* Customization: The indicator allows users to adjust all major parameters (e.g., MACD, RSI, volume, and ATR settings) to fit their trading preferences.
Customization Options:
* Adjustable weights for Trend, Momentum, and Volume components.
* Fully configurable settings for MACD, RSI, Volume SMA, and ATR periods.
* Timeframe selection for multi-timeframe analysis.
Important Notes:
1. Originality: The TVMC indicator combines multiple analysis methods into a unique framework. It does not replicate or minimally modify existing indicators.
2. Transparency: The description is detailed enough for users to understand the methodology without requiring access to the code.
3. Clarity: The indicator is explained in a way that is accessible even to users unfamiliar with complex technical analysis tools.
Compliance with TradingView Rules:
* The indicator is written in Pine Script version 5, adhering to TradingView’s language standards.
* The description is written in English to ensure accessibility to the global community, with a clear explanation of all components and functionality.
* No promotional content, links, or unrelated references are included.
* The chart accompanying the indicator is clean and demonstrates its intended use clearly, with no additional indicators unless explicitly explained.
Enhanced Cumulative Volume Delta + MAThe Enhanced Cumulative Volume Delta (CVD) indicator is designed to help traders analyze the cumulative buying and selling pressure in the market by examining the delta between the up and down volume. By tracking this metric, traders can gain insights into the strength of a trend and potential reversals. This indicator uses advanced volume analysis combined with customizable moving averages to provide a more detailed view of market dynamics.
How to Use This Indicator:
Volume Delta Visualization:
The indicator plots the cumulative volume delta (CVD) using color-coded candles, where teal represents positive delta (buying pressure) and soft red represents negative delta (selling pressure).
Moving Averages:
Use the moving averages to smooth the CVD data and identify long-term trends. You can choose between SMA and EMA for each of the three available moving averages. The first and third moving averages are typically used for short-term and long-term trend analysis, respectively, while the second moving average can serve as a medium-term filter.
Arrow Markers:
The indicator will display arrows (green triangle up for crossing above, red triangle down for crossing below) when the CVD volume crosses the 3rd moving average. You can control the visibility of these arrows through the input parameters.
Volume Data:
The indicator provides error handling in case no volume data is available for the selected symbol, ensuring that you're not misled by incomplete data.
Practical Applications:
Trend Confirmation: Use the CVD and moving averages to confirm the overall trend direction and strength. Positive delta and a rising CVD can confirm an uptrend, while negative delta and a falling CVD indicate a downtrend.
Volume Breakouts: The arrows marking when the CVD crosses the 3rd moving average can help you spot potential volume breakouts or reversals, making them useful for entry or exit signals.
Volume Divergence: Pay attention to divergences between price and CVD, as these can often signal potential trend reversals or weakening momentum.
4 Bar Momentum Reversal strategy█ STRATEGY DESCRIPTION
The "4 Bar Momentum Reversal Strategy" is a mean-reversion strategy designed to identify price reversals following a sustained downward move. It enters a long position when a reversal condition is met and exits when the price shows strength by exceeding the previous bar's high. This strategy is optimized for indices and stocks on the daily timeframe.
█ WHAT IS THE REFERENCE CLOSE?
The Reference Close is the closing price from X bars ago, where X is determined by the Lookback period. Think of it as a moving benchmark that helps the strategy assess whether prices are trending upwards or downwards relative to past performance. For example, if the Lookback is set to 4, the Reference Close is the closing price 4 bars ago (`close `).
█ SIGNAL GENERATION
1. LONG ENTRY
A Buy Signal is triggered when:
The close price has been lower than the Reference Close for at least `Buy Threshold` consecutive bars. This indicates a sustained downward move, suggesting a potential reversal.
The signal occurs within the specified time window (between `Start Time` and `End Time`).
2. EXIT CONDITION
A Sell Signal is generated when the current closing price exceeds the high of the previous bar (`close > high `). This indicates that the price has shown strength, potentially confirming the reversal and prompting the strategy to exit the position.
█ ADDITIONAL SETTINGS
Buy Threshold: The number of consecutive bearish bars needed to trigger a Buy Signal. Default is 4.
Lookback: The number of bars ago used to calculate the Reference Close. Default is 4.
Start Time and End Time: The time window during which the strategy is allowed to execute trades.
█ PERFORMANCE OVERVIEW
This strategy is designed for trending markets with frequent reversals.
It performs best in volatile conditions where price movements are significant.
Backtesting results should be analysed to optimize the Buy Threshold and Lookback parameters for specific instruments.
Adaptive Fourier Transform Supertrend [QuantAlgo]Discover a brand new way to analyze trend with Adaptive Fourier Transform Supertrend by QuantAlgo , an innovative technical indicator that combines the power of Fourier analysis with dynamic Supertrend methodology. In essence, it utilizes the frequency domain mathematics and the adaptive volatility control technique to transform complex wave patterns into clear and high probability signals—ideal for both sophisticated traders seeking mathematical precision and investors who appreciate robust trend confirmation!
🟢 Core Architecture
At its core, this indicator employs an adaptive Fourier Transform framework with dynamic volatility-controlled Supertrend bands. It utilizes multiple harmonic components that let you fine-tune how market frequencies influence trend detection. By combining wave analysis with adaptive volatility bands, the indicator creates a sophisticated yet clear framework for trend identification that dynamically adjusts to changing market conditions.
🟢 Technical Foundation
The indicator builds on three innovative components:
Fourier Wave Analysis: Decomposes price action into primary and harmonic components for precise trend detection
Adaptive Volatility Control: Dynamically adjusts Supertrend bands using combined ATR and standard deviation
Harmonic Integration: Merges multiple frequency components with decreasing weights for comprehensive trend analysis
🟢 Key Features & Signals
The Adaptive Fourier Transform Supertrend transforms complex wave calculations into clear visual signals with:
Dynamic trend bands that adapt to market volatility
Sophisticated cloud-fill visualization system
Strategic L/S markers at key trend reversals
Customizable bar coloring based on trend direction
Comprehensive alert system for trend shifts
🟢 Practical Usage Tips
Here's how you can get the most out of the Adaptive Fourier Transform Supertrend :
1/ Setup:
Add the indicator to your favorites, then apply it to your chart ⭐️
Start with close price as your base source
Use standard Fourier period (14) for balanced wave detection
Begin with default harmonic weight (0.5) for balanced sensitivity
Start with standard Supertrend multiplier (2.0) for reliable band width
2/ Signal Interpretation:
Monitor trend band crossovers for potential signals
Watch for convergence of price with Fourier trend
Use L/S markers for trade entry points
Monitor bar colors for trend confirmation
Configure alerts for significant trend reversals
🟢 Pro Tips
Fine-tune Fourier parameters for optimal sensitivity:
→ Lower Base Period (8-12) for more reactive analysis
→ Higher Base Period (15-30) to filter out noise
→ Adjust Harmonic Weight (0.3-0.7) to control shorter trend influence
Customize Supertrend settings:
→ Lower multiplier (1.5-2.0) for tighter bands
→ Higher multiplier (2.0-3.0) for wider bands
→ Adjust ATR length based on market volatility
Strategy Enhancement:
→ Compare signals across multiple timeframes
→ Combine with volume analysis
→ Use with support/resistance levels
→ Integrate with other momentum indicators
Multi Timeframe Market Formation [LuxAlgo]The Multi Timeframe Market Formation tool allows traders to analyze up to 6 different timeframes simultaneously to discover their current formation, S/R levels and their degree of synchronization with the current chart timeframe. Multi timeframe analysis made easy.
🔶 USAGE
By default, the tool displays the chart's timeframe formation plus up to 5 other formations on timeframes higher than the one in the chart.
When the chart formation is synchronized with any enabled timeframe formation, the tool displays labels and a trailing channel, it uses a gradient by default, so the more timeframes are synchronized, the more visible the labels and the trailing channel are.
All timeframes enabled in the settings panel must be higher than the chart timeframe, otherwise the tool will display an error message.
🔹 Formations
A formation is a market structure defined by a lower and an upper boundary (also known as support & resistance).
Each formation has a different symbol and color to identify it at a glance.
It helps traders to know the current market behavior and the tool displays up to 5 of them.
BULLISH (green ▲): higher high and higher low
BEARISH (red ▼): lower high and lower low
CONTRACTION (orange ◀): lower high and higher low
EXPANSION (blue ▶): higher high and lower low
SIDEWAYS (yellow ◀): Any that does not fit with the others
🔹 Multi Timeframe Formations
The tool displays up to 6 different timeframe formations, the chart timeframe plus 5 more configurable from the settings panel.
Each of them has an upper and lower limit, a timeframe, a color and an icon.
If a bound level is shared by more than one formation, the timeframes and symbols are displayed on the same line.
These are significant levels shared by different timeframes and traders need to be aware of them.
🔹 Sync With Chart Timeframe
If the current formation on the chart timeframe is in sync with any of the timeframes enabled in the settings panel, the tool will display this on the chart.
The more timeframes are in sync, the more they are visible, providing a clear visual representation of the common market behavior on multiple timeframes at the same time.
🔶 SETTINGS
Formation size: Size of market formations on the chart timeframe
🔹 Timeframes
TF1 to TF5: Activate/deactivate timeframe, set size of market formation and activate/deactivate high and low levels
🔹 Style
Show Labels: Enable/Disable Timeframe Sync Labels
Transparency Gradient: Enable/Disable Transparency Gradient
Show Trailing Channel | Multiplier: Enable/Disable Trailing Channel and set multiplier
Color for each formation
Fibonacci Trend [ChartPrime]Fibonacci Trend Indicator
This powerful indicator leverages supertrend analysis to detect market direction while overlaying dynamic Fibonacci levels to highlight potential support, resistance, and optimal trend entry zones. With its straightforward design, it is perfect for traders looking to simplify their workflow and enhance decision-making.
⯁ KEY FEATURES AND HOW TO USE
⯌ Supertrend Trend Identification :
The indicator uses a supertrend algorithm to identify market direction. It displays purple for downtrends and green for uptrends, ensuring quick and clear trend analysis.
⯌ Fibonacci Levels for Current Swings :
Automatically calculates Fibonacci retracement levels (0.236, 0.382, 0.618, 0.786) for the current swing leg.
- These levels act as key zones for potential support, resistance, and trend continuation.
- The high and low swing points are labeled with exact prices, ensuring clarity.
- If the swing range is insufficient (less than five times ATR), Fibonacci levels are not displayed, avoiding irrelevant data.
⯌ Extended Fibonacci Levels :
User-defined extensions project Fibonacci levels into the future, aiding traders in planning price targets or projecting key zones.
⯌ Optimal Trend Entry Zone :
A filled area between 0.618 and 0.786 levels visually highlights the optimal entry zone for trend continuation. This allows traders to refine their entry points during pullbacks.
⯌ Diagonal Trend Line :
A dashed diagonal line connects the swing high and low, visually confirming the range and trend strength of the current swing.
⯌ Visual Labels for Fibonacci Levels :
Each Fibonacci level is marked with a label displaying its value for quick reference.
⯁ HOW TRADERS CAN POTENTIALLY USE THIS TOOL
Fibonacci Retracements:
Use the Fibonacci retracement levels to find key support or resistance zones where the price may pull back before continuing its trend.
Example: Enter long trades when the price retraces to 0.618–0.786 levels in an uptrend.
Fibonacci Extensions:
Use Fibonacci extensions to project future price targets based on the current trend's swing leg. Levels like 127.2% and 161.8% are commonly used as profit-taking zones.
Reversal Identification:
Spot potential reversals by monitoring price reactions at key Fibonacci retracement levels (e.g., 0.236 or 0.382) or the swing high/low.
Optimal Trend Entries:
The filled zone between 0.618 and 0.786 is a statistically strong area for entering a position in the direction of the trend.
Example: Enter long positions during retracements to this range in an uptrend.
Risk Management:
Set stop-losses below key Fibonacci levels or the swing low/high, and take profits at extension levels, enhancing your trade management strategies.
⯁ CONCLUSION
The Fibonacci Trend Indicator is a straightforward yet effective tool for identifying trends and key Fibonacci levels. It simplifies analysis by integrating supertrend-based trend identification with Fibonacci retracements, extensions, and optimal entry zones. Whether you're a beginner or experienced trader, this indicator is an essential addition to your toolkit for trend trading, reversal spotting, and risk management.
Bollinger Bands color candlesThis Pine Script indicator applies Bollinger Bands to the price chart and visually highlights candles based on their proximity to the upper and lower bands. The script plots colored candles as follows:
Bullish Close Above Upper Band: Candles are colored green when the closing price is above the upper Bollinger Band, indicating strong bullish momentum.
Bearish Close Below Lower Band: Candles are colored red when the closing price is below the lower Bollinger Band, signaling strong bearish momentum.
Neutral Candles: Candles that close within the bands remain their default color.
This visual aid helps traders quickly identify potential breakout or breakdown points based on Bollinger Band dynamics.
Relative Performance Indicator by ComLucro - 2025_V01The "Relative Performance Indicator by ComLucro - 2025_V01" is a powerful tool designed to analyze an asset's performance relative to a benchmark index over multiple timeframes. This indicator provides traders with a clear view of how their chosen asset compares to a market index in short, medium, and long-term periods.
Key Features:
Customizable Lookback Periods: Analyze performance across three adjustable periods (default: 20, 50, and 200 bars).
Relative Performance Analysis: Calculate and visualize the difference in percentage performance between the asset and the benchmark index.
Dynamic Summary Label: Displays a detailed breakdown of the asset's and index's performance for the latest bar.
User-Friendly Interface: Includes customizable colors and display options for clear visualization.
How It Works:
The script fetches closing prices of both the asset and a benchmark index.
It calculates percentage changes over the selected lookback periods.
The indicator then computes the relative performance difference between the asset and the index, plotting it on the chart for easy trend analysis.
Who Is This For?:
Traders and investors who want to compare an asset’s performance against a benchmark index.
Those looking to identify trends and deviations between an asset and the broader market.
Disclaimer:
This tool is for educational purposes only and does not constitute financial or trading advice. Always use it alongside proper risk management strategies and backtest thoroughly before applying it to live trading.
Chart Recommendation:
Use this script on clean charts for better clarity. Combine it with other technical indicators like moving averages or trendlines to enhance your analysis. Ensure you adjust the lookback periods to match your trading style and the timeframe of your analysis.
Additional Notes:
For optimal performance, ensure the benchmark index's data is available on your TradingView subscription. The script uses fallback mechanisms to avoid interruptions when index data is unavailable. Always validate the settings and test them to suit your trading strategy.
Phase Cross Strategy with Zone### Introduction to the Strategy
Welcome to the **Phase Cross Strategy with Zone and EMA Analysis**. This strategy is designed to help traders identify potential buy and sell opportunities based on the crossover of smoothed oscillators (referred to as "phases") and exponential moving averages (EMAs). By combining these two methods, the strategy offers a versatile tool for both trend-following and short-term trading setups.
### Key Features
1. **Phase Cross Signals**:
- The strategy uses two smoothed oscillators:
- **Leading Phase**: A simple moving average (SMA) with an upward offset.
- **Lagging Phase**: An exponential moving average (EMA) with a downward offset.
- Buy and sell signals are generated when these phases cross over or under each other, visually represented on the chart with green (buy) and red (sell) labels.
2. **Phase Zone Visualization**:
- The area between the two phases is filled with a green or red zone, indicating bullish or bearish conditions:
- Green zone: Leading phase is above the lagging phase (potential uptrend).
- Red zone: Leading phase is below the lagging phase (potential downtrend).
3. **EMA Analysis**:
- Includes five commonly used EMAs (13, 26, 50, 100, and 200) for additional trend analysis.
- Crossovers of the EMA 13 and EMA 26 act as secondary buy/sell signals to confirm or enhance the phase-based signals.
4. **Customizable Parameters**:
- You can adjust the smoothing length, source (price data), and offset to fine-tune the strategy for your preferred trading style.
### What to Pay Attention To
1. **Phases and Zones**:
- Use the green/red phase zone as an overall trend guide.
- Avoid taking trades when the phases are too close or choppy, as it may indicate a ranging market.
2. **EMA Trends**:
- Align your trades with the longer-term trend shown by the EMAs. For example:
- In an uptrend (price above EMA 50 or EMA 200), prioritize buy signals.
- In a downtrend (price below EMA 50 or EMA 200), prioritize sell signals.
3. **Signal Confirmation**:
- Consider combining phase cross signals with EMA crossovers for higher-confidence trades.
- Look for confluence between the phase signals and EMA trends.
4. **Risk Management**:
- Always set stop-loss and take-profit levels to manage risk.
- Use the phase and EMA zones to estimate potential support/resistance areas for exits.
5. **Whipsaws and False Signals**:
- Be cautious in low-volatility or sideways markets, as the strategy may generate false signals.
- Use additional indicators or filters to avoid entering trades during unclear market conditions.
### How to Use
1. Add the strategy to your chart in TradingView.
2. Adjust the input settings (e.g., smoothing length, offsets) to suit your trading preferences.
3. Enable the strategy tester to evaluate its performance on historical data.
4. Combine the signals with your own analysis and risk management plan for best results.
This strategy is a versatile tool, but like any trading method, it requires proper understanding and discretion. Always backtest thoroughly and trade with discipline. Let me know if you need further assistance or adjustments to the strategy!
Adaptive Trend Flow Strategy with Filters for SPXThe Adaptive Trend Flow Strategy with Filters for SPX is a complete trading algorithm designed to identify traits and offer actionable alerts for the SPX index. This Pine Script approach leverages superior technical signs and user-described parameters to evolve to marketplace conditions and optimize performance.
Key Features and Functionality
Dynamic Trend Detection: Utilizes a dual EMA-based totally adaptive method for fashion calculation.
The script smooths volatility the usage of an EMA filter and adjusts sensitivity through the sensitivity enter. This allows for real-time adaptability to market fluctuations.
Trend Filters for Precision:
SMA Filter: A Simple Moving Average (SMA) guarantees that trades are achieved best while the rate aligns with the shifting average trend, minimizing false indicators.
MACD Filter: The Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) adds some other layer of confirmation with the aid of requiring alignment among the MACD line and its sign line.
Signal Generation:
Long Signals: Triggered when the fashion transitions from bearish to bullish, with all filters confirming the pass.
Short Signals: Triggered while the trend shifts from bullish to bearish, imparting opportunities for final positions.
User Customization:
Adjustable parameters for EMAs, smoothing duration, and sensitivity make certain the strategy can adapt to numerous buying and selling patterns.
Enable or disable filters (SMA or MACD) based totally on particular market conditions or consumer possibilities.
Leverage and Position Sizing: Incorporates a leverage aspect for dynamic position sizing.
Automatically calculates the exchange length based on account fairness and the leverage element, making sure hazard control is in area.
Visual Enhancements: Plots adaptive fashion ranges (foundation, top, decrease) for actual-time insights into marketplace conditions.
Color-coded bars and heritage to visually represent bullish or bearish developments.
Custom labels indicating crossover and crossunder occasions for clean sign visualization.
Alerts and Automation: Configurable alerts for each lengthy and quick indicators, well matched with automated buying and selling structures like plugpine.Com.
JSON-based alert messages consist of account credentials, motion type, and calculated position length for seamless integration.
Backtesting and Realistic Assumptions: Includes practical slippage, commissions, and preliminary capital settings for backtesting accuracy.
Leverages excessive-frequency trade sampling to make certain strong strategy assessment.
How It Works
Trend Calculation: The method derives a principal trend basis with the aid of combining fast and gradual EMAs. It then uses marketplace volatility to calculate adaptive upper and decrease obstacles, creating a dynamic channel.
Filter Integration: SMA and MACD filters work in tandem with the fashion calculation to ensure that handiest excessive-probability signals are accomplished.
Signal Execution: Signals are generated whilst the charge breaches those dynamic tiers and aligns with the fashion and filters, ensuring sturdy change access situations.
How to Use
Setup: Apply the approach to SPX or other well suited indices.
Adjust person inputs, together with ATR length, EMA smoothing, and sensitivity, to align together with your buying and selling possibilities.
Enable or disable the SMA and MACD filters to test unique setups.
Alerts: Configure signals for computerized notifications or direct buying and selling execution through third-celebration systems.
Use the supplied JSON payload to integrate with broking APIs or automation tools.
Optimization:
Experiment with leverage, filter out settings, and sensitivity to find most effective configurations to your hazard tolerance and marketplace situations.
Considerations and Best Practices
Risk Management: Always backtest the method with realistic parameters, together with conservative leverage and commissions.
Market Suitability: While designed for SPX, this method can adapt to other gadgets by means of adjusting key parameters.
Limitations: The method is trend-following and can underperform in enormously risky or ranging markets. Regularly evaluate and modify parameters primarily based on recent market conduct.
If you have any questions please let me know - I'm here to help!
OBV TSI IndicatorThe OBV TSI Indicator combines two powerful technical analysis tools: the On-Balance Volume (OBV) and the True Strength Index (TSI). This hybrid approach provides insights into both volume dynamics and momentum, helping traders identify potential trend reversals, breakouts, or continuations with greater accuracy.
The OBV TSI Indicator tracks cumulative volume shifts via OBV and integrates the TSI for momentum analysis. It offers customizable moving average options for further smoothing. Visual trendlines, pivot points, and signal markers enhance clarity.
The OBV tracks volume flow by summing volumes based on price changes. Positive volume is added when prices rise, and negative volume is subtracted when prices fall. The result is smoothed to detect meaningful trends in volume. A volume spread is derived from the difference between the smoothed OBV and cumulative volume. This is then adjusted by the price deviation to generate the shadow spread, which highlights critical volume-driven price levels.
The shadow spread is added to either the high or low price, depending on its sign, producing a refined OBV output. This serves as the main source for the subsequent TSI calculation. The TSI is a momentum oscillator calculated using double-smoothed price changes. It provides an accurate measure of trend strength and direction.
Various moving average options, such as EMA, DEMA, or TEMA, are applied to the smoothed OBV for additional trend filtering. Users can select their preferred type and length to suit their trading strategy. Trendlines are plotted to visualize the overall direction. When a significant change in trend is detected, up or down arrows indicate potential buy or sell signals. The script identifies key pivot points based on the highest and lowest levels within a defined period. These pivots help pinpoint reversal zones.
The indicator offers customization options, allowing users to adjust the OBV length for smoothing, choose from various moving average types, and fine-tune the short, long, and signal periods for TSI. Additionally, users can toggle visibility for trendlines, signals, and pivots to suit their preferences.
This indicator is ideal for practical use cases such as spotting potential trend reversals by observing TSI crossovers and pivot levels, anticipating breakouts from key price levels using the shadow spread, and validating trends by aligning TSI signals with OBV and moving averages.
The OBV TSI Indicator is a versatile tool designed to enhance decision-making in trading by combining volume and momentum analysis. Its flexibility and visual aids make it suitable for traders of all experience levels. By leveraging its insights, you can confidently navigate market trends and improve your trading outcomes.
Dual Bayesian For Loop [QuantAlgo]Discover the power of probabilistic investing and trading with Dual Bayesian For Loop by QuantAlgo , a cutting-edge technical indicator that brings statistical rigor to trend analysis. By merging advanced Bayesian statistics with adaptive market scanning, this tool transforms complex probability calculations into clear, actionable signals—perfect for both data-driven traders seeking statistical edge and investors who value probability-based confirmation!
🟢 Core Architecture
At its heart, this indicator employs an adaptive dual-timeframe Bayesian framework with flexible scanning capabilities. It utilizes a configurable loop start parameter that lets you fine-tune how recent price action influences probability calculations. By combining adaptive scanning with short-term and long-term Bayesian probabilities, the indicator creates a sophisticated yet clear framework for trend identification that dynamically adjusts to market conditions.
🟢 Technical Foundation
The indicator builds on three innovative components:
Adaptive Loop Scanner: Dynamically evaluates price relationships with adjustable start points for precise control over historical analysis
Bayesian Probability Engine: Transforms market movements into probability scores through statistical modeling
Dual Timeframe Integration: Merges immediate market reactions with broader probability trends through custom smoothing
🟢 Key Features & Signals
The Adaptive Dual Bayesian For Loop transforms complex calculations into clear visual signals:
Binary probability signal displaying definitive trend direction
Dynamic color-coding system for instant trend recognition
Strategic L/S markers at key probability reversals
Customizable bar coloring based on probability trends
Comprehensive alert system for probability-based shifts
🟢 Practical Usage Tips
Here's how you can get the most out of the Dual Bayesian For Loop :
1/ Setup:
Add the indicator to your TradingView chart by clicking on the star icon to add it to your favorites ⭐️
Start with default source for balanced price representation
Use standard length for probability calculations
Begin with Loop Start at 1 for complete price analysis
Start with default Loop Lookback at 70 for reliable sampling size
2/ Signal Interpretation:
Monitor probability transitions across the 50% threshold (0 line)
Watch for convergence of short and long-term probabilities
Use L/S markers for potential trade signals
Monitor bar colors for additional trend confirmation
Configure alerts for significant trend crossovers and reversals, ensuring you can act on market movements promptly, even when you’re not actively monitoring the charts
🟢 Pro Tips
Fine-tune loop parameters for optimal sensitivity:
→ Lower Loop Start (1-5) for more reactive analysis
→ Higher Loop Start (5-10) to filter out noise
Adjust probability calculation period:
→ Shorter lengths (5-10) for aggressive signals
→ Longer lengths (15-30) for trend confirmation
Strategy Enhancement:
→ Compare signals across multiple timeframes
→ Combine with volume for trade validation
→ Use with support/resistance levels for entry timing
→ Integrate other technical tools for even more comprehensive analysis
Premarket and Opening Range (First 30 minutes) LevelsThis indicator is for people who like to utilize the pre-market highs and pre-market Low's as well as the first 30 minutes high and low, or some people like to call the opening range. I hope you find value in this. Note, the levels will only appear after tracking. Premarket levels will happen after pre-market closes. Opening Range levels will show right after the first 30 minutes.
Market Structure Trend Targets [ChartPrime]The Market Structure Trend Targets indicator is designed to identify trend direction and continuation points by marking significant breaks in price levels. This approach helps traders track trend strength and potential reversal points. The indicator uses previous highs and lows as breakout triggers, providing a visual roadmap for trend continuation or mean reversion signals.
⯁ KEY FEATURES AND HOW TO USE
⯌ Breakout Points with Numbered Markers :
The indicator identifies key breakout points where price breaks above a previous high (for uptrends) or below a previous low (for downtrends). The initial breakout (zero break) is marked with the entry price and a triangle icon, while subsequent breakouts within the trend are numbered sequentially (1, 2, 3…) to indicate trend continuation.
Example of breakout markers for uptrend and downtrend:
⯌ Percentage Change Display Option :
Traders can toggle on a setting to display the percentage change from the initial breakout point to each subsequent break level, offering an easy way to gauge trend momentum over time. This is particularly helpful for identifying how far price has moved in the current trend.
Percentage change example between break points:
⯌ Dynamic Stop Loss Levels :
In uptrends, the stop loss level is placed below the price to protect against downside moves. In downtrends, it is positioned above the price. If the price breaches the stop loss level, the indicator resets, indicating a potential end or reversal of the trend.
Dynamic stop loss level illustration in uptrend and downtrend:
⯌ Mean Reversion Signals :
The indicator identifies potential mean reversion points with diamond icons. In an uptrend, if the price falls below the stop loss and then re-enters above it, a diamond is plotted, suggesting a possible mean reversion. Similarly, in a downtrend, if the price moves above the stop loss and then falls back below, it indicates a reversion possibility.
Mean reversion diamond signals on the chart:
⯌ Trend Visualization with Colored Zones :
The chart background is shaded to visually represent trend direction, with color changes corresponding to uptrends and downtrends. This makes it easier to see overall market conditions at a glance.
⯁ USER INPUTS
Length : Defines the number of bars used to identify pivot highs and lows for trend breakouts.
Display Percentage : Option to toggle between showing sequential breakout numbers or the percentage change from the initial breakout.
Colors for Uptrend and Downtrend : Allows customization of color zones for uptrends and downtrends to match individual chart preferences.
⯁ CONCLUSION
The Market Structure Trend Targets indicator offers a strategic way to monitor market trends, track breakouts, and manage risk through dynamic stop loss levels. Its clear visual representation of trend continuity, alongside mean reversion signals, provides traders with actionable insights for both trend-following and counter-trend strategies.
Zero Lag Signals For Loop [QuantAlgo]Elevate your trend-following investing and trading strategy with Zero Lag Signals For Loop by QuantAlgo , a simple yet effective technical indicator that merges advanced zero-lag mechanism with adaptive trend analysis to bring you a fresh take on market momentum tracking. Its aim is to support both medium- to long-term investors monitoring broader market shifts and precision-focused traders seeking quality entries through its dual-focused analysis approach!
🟢 Core Architecture
The foundation of this indicator rests on its zero-lag implementation and dynamic trend assessment. By utilizing a loop-driven scoring system alongside volatility-based filtering, each market movement is evaluated through multiple historical lenses while accounting for current market conditions. This multi-layered approach helps differentiate between genuine trend movements and market noise across timeframe and asset classes.
🟢 Technical Foundation
Three distinct components of this indicator are:
Zero Lag EMA : An enhanced moving average calculation designed to minimize traditional lag effects
For Loop Scoring System : A comprehensive scoring mechanism that weighs current price action against historical contexts
Dynamic Volatility Analysis : A sophisticated ATR-based filter that adjusts signal sensitivity to market conditions
🟢 Key Features & Signals
The Zero Lag Signals For Loop provides market insights through:
Color-coded Zero Lag line that adapts to trend direction
Dynamic fills between price and Zero Lag basis for enhanced visualization
Trend change markers (L/S) that highlight potential reversal points
Smart bar coloring that helps visualize market momentum
Background color changes with vertical lines at significant trend shifts
Customizable alerts for both bullish and bearish reversals
🟢 Practical Usage Tips
Here's how you can get the most out of the Zero Lag Signals For Loop :
1/ Setup:
Add the indicator to your TradingView chart by clicking on the star icon to add it to your favorites ⭐️
Start with the default Zero Lag length for balanced sensitivity
Use the standard volatility multiplier for proper filtering
Keep the default loop range for comprehensive trend analysis
Adjust threshold levels based on your investing and/or trading style
2/ Reading Signals:
Watch for L/S markers - they indicate validated trend reversals
Pay attention to Zero Lag line color changes - they confirm trend direction
Monitor bar colors for additional trend confirmation
Configure alerts for trend changes in both bullish and bearish directions, ensuring you can act on significant technical developments promptly.
🟢 Pro Tips
Fine-tune the Zero Lag length based on your timeframe:
→ Lower values (20-40) for more responsive signals
→ Higher values (60-100) for stronger trend confirmation
Adjust volatility multiplier based on market conditions:
→ Increase multiplier in volatile markets
→ Decrease multiplier in stable trending markets
Combine with:
→ Volume analysis for trade validation
→ Multiple timeframe analysis for broader context
→ Other technical tools for comprehensive analysis
Improved G-Trend DetectionIt is the Improved version of G trend channel detection.
The Umair Trend Detection Indicator is a powerful tool designed to help traders identify potential buy and sell opportunities by combining dynamic price channels with RSI-based confirmation. This indicator is suitable for all types of financial markets, including stocks, forex, and cryptocurrencies.
Key Features:
Dynamic G-Channels
Calculates upper, lower, and average price channels based on the "G-Channel" methodology.
Helps identify market extremes and potential reversal points.
RSI Confirmation
Integrates RSI (Relative Strength Index) to filter buy and sell signals.
Avoids false signals by ensuring market momentum aligns with trend direction.
Buy/Sell Signals
Generates "Buy" signals when bullish conditions align with oversold RSI levels.
Generates "Sell" signals when bearish conditions align with overbought RSI levels.
Exit Signals
Provides optional exit points for both long and short positions using a buffer for confirmation.
Visual Clarity
Displays clearly plotted channels and average lines to help visualize price trends.
Buy and sell signals are marked with arrows for easy identification on the chart.
Custom Alerts
Offers customizable alerts for buy, sell, and exit conditions, ensuring traders never miss an opportunity.
Input Parameters:
Channel Length: Controls the sensitivity of the G-Channels.
Multiplier: Adjusts the width of the channels to suit different market conditions.
RSI Settings: Customize RSI length and thresholds for overbought/oversold conditions.
Exit Signal Buffer: Adds flexibility to the exit strategy by delaying signals for confirmation.
How It Helps:
The Umair Trend Detection Indicator is perfect for traders looking for an easy-to-use trend-following system with strong confirmation. By combining dynamic channels with RSI, it provides accurate and reliable signals to enter and exit trades, minimizing risks associated with false breakouts or trend reversals.
Use Cases:
Trend Trading: Identify and follow long-term trends with confidence.
Swing Trading: Spot reversals and capitalize on medium-term price movements.
Risk Management: Use exit signals to lock in profits or limit losses effectively.
This indicator is a versatile tool for both novice and experienced traders. Fine-tune its settings to align with your trading style and improve your decision-making in any market.
