CRT + PO3 Range Theory Hey everyone, I’ve put together a little script for TradingView that tries to show the classic CRT + PO3 (Power of Three) pattern. It’s still a work in progress, so please use it on a demo account and let me know what you think!
What It Does
Accumulation Phase: On each higher‐timeframe bar (e.g. 2-hour), it draws a shaded zone where price is hanging out. That’s when we assume “big players” are quietly building positions.
Manipulation Phase: If price briefly pokes above or below that zone but then slips back inside, it marks that wick as a shake-out.
Distribution Phase: When price finally closes cleanly outside the zone, it draws another shaded area and drops a “Distribution” label plus a big LONG or SHORT arrow on that bar.
You can tweak it so it only shows signals when a bar closes (no more weird flashing mid-bar), or even allow “direct” Distribution on a clean breakout without waiting for a fake wick first.
How to Set It Up
Add the script from your Indicators list.
Pick your HTF (I like 2-hour or 4-hour).
Turn “Show Zone Labels” on or off—these are the little “Accumulation/Manipulation/Distribution” tags.
Turn “Show Entry Signals” on to get the big LONG/SHORT arrows.
If you hate flicker, check “Show signals only at bar close.”
If you want to catch a swift breakout (no fake-out needed), check “Allow direct Distribution on clean breakout.”
There are also sliders for zone colors, transparency, label size, and how far above/below the bars the labels sit.
Why It’s Still a Beta
I’m not a CRT/PO3 guru—this is more of a hobby project and a little facination for this strategy.
There might be edge cases where it misses a shake-out or flags a Distribution too early.
I take no responsibility for your trades—please only run it on a demo account until we’ve worked out the quirks.
Feedback Wanted!
If you try it out, I’d love to hear:
Did the Manipulation wicks line up where you expected?
Were the Distribution arrows on the right bars?
Any ideas for easier settings or extra alerts?
Thanks for testing and helping me turn this into something solid!
Indicatori e strategie
NY Open Breakout [ATR-5000]# **New York Open Breakout Indicator **
## **📌 Overview**
This **Pine Script** indicator identifies high-probability breakout opportunities at the **New York market open (13:30 UTC)** based on **volatility filters** using **customizable ATR periods and thresholds**.
### **🔹 Key Features**
✅ **Fully Customizable ATR Periods** (2 to **5000** bars)
✅ **Adjustable Thresholds** (0.01% to 5.00%)
✅ **Opening Range (OR) Filter** (0.01% to 5.00%)
✅ **Clean Visuals** – Only highlights the **13:30 UTC candle** when conditions are met
✅ **Real-Time Info Panel** – Displays current ATR & threshold settings
✅ **Automatic Daily Reset** – Fresh signals every trading day
---
## **📊 How It Works**
### **1️⃣ Volatility Check (13:25 UTC)**
- Calculates **two ATR values** (user-defined periods)
- Compares them against **custom % thresholds**
- Only proceeds if **both ATRs exceed** their required volatility levels
### **2️⃣ Opening Range Confirmation (13:30 UTC)**
- Measures the **high-low range** of the 13:30 candle
- Validates if the range meets the **minimum % threshold**
- If all conditions pass → **Highlights the candle** in your chosen color
### **3️⃣ Visual Feedback**
- **🟣 Colored Candle** → Valid breakout signal
- **📊 Info Table** → Shows current ATR settings & thresholds
---
## **⚙️ Customization Options**
| **Setting** | **Default** | **Adjustable Range** |
|---------------------------|------------|----------------------|
| **First ATR Period** | 14 | **2–5000** bars |
| **Second ATR Period** | 161 | **2–5000** bars |
| **First ATR Threshold** | 0.42% | **0.01%–5.00%** |
| **Second ATR Threshold** | 0.40% | **0.01%–5.00%** |
| **OR Range Threshold** | 0.42% | **0.01%–5.00%** |
| **Candle Color** | Purple | **Any color** |
---
## **📈 Best Use Cases**
✔ **Forex (EURUSD, GBPUSD)** – Captures NY session momentum
✔ **Indices (SPX, NASDAQ)** – Works well with opening volatility
✔ **Commodities (Gold, Oil)** – Filters out low-energy days
---
## **🔧 How to Adjust Settings**
1. **Click the gear icon (⚙️)** on your TradingView chart
2. **Modify ATR periods & thresholds** as needed
3. **Change the candle color** for better visibility
---
## **🚀 Why This Indicator?**
- **No repainting** – Signals lock in after candle close
- **No clutter** – Only marks valid 13:30 candles
- **Adaptable** – Works on **any market & timeframe**
- **Fully automated** – No manual adjustments needed
---
### **📥 Apply & Start Trading!**
Simply **load the script** on TradingView and customize it to fit your strategy! 🚀
Target Trend v1.0 [MkTrade]Target Trend is an intelligent trend indicator that automatically detects the trend direction and displays key levels on the chart: entry, stop, and up to 3 target (take-profit) levels.
🧠 How It Works:
The indicator uses moving averages and an adapted ATR to:
📈 Detect uptrends or downtrends;
🔄 Identify change of character (CHoCH) trend shifts;
🎯 Plot entry, stop-loss, and take-profit levels in the direction of the trend;
🧱 Visually display these levels with lines and labels on the chart;
✅ Mark targets hit and stop-outs with a checkmark or cross icon.
⚙️ Settings:
Trend Length – moving average period (default is 10);
Set Targets – additional multiplier for target levels;
All targets are dynamically calculated using volatility (ATR 200).
🔔 Alerts:
The indicator detects and supports alerts for:
Trend reversals (up/down),
Target (TP) hits,
Stop-loss activation.
You can enable these in the TradingView Alerts Panel.
✅ Benefits:
Fully automatic – no manual drawing required;
Convenient – all key levels are visualized directly on the chart;
Flexible – can be adapted to any strategy;
Clear visuals – clean interface with intuitive colors.
📋 How to Use:
Add the indicator to your chart;
Wait for a trend reversal signal (triangle + colored candle);
Enter at the current candle (Entry line);
Monitor price reaching T1–T3 or stop level;
Use alerts for automation if needed.
Target Trend — это интеллектуальный трендовый индикатор, который автоматически определяет направление тренда и отображает ключевые уровни: вход, стоп и до 3-х целей (тейков) на графике.
🧠 Как работает:
Индикатор использует скользящие средние и адаптированный ATR для:
📈 Определения восходящего или нисходящего тренда;
🔄 Определения моментов смены тренда (CHoCH);
🎯 Построения уровней входа, стоп-лосса и тейков в направлении тренда;
🧱 Отображения целей в виде уровней и меток на графике;
✅ Отмечает достигнутые цели и срабатывание стопа (визуально — галочкой и крестиком).
⚙️ Настройки:
Trend Length — длина скользящей средней (по умолчанию 10);
Set Targets — дополнительный множитель для расчёта тейков;
Все цели рассчитываются динамически с учётом волатильности (ATR 200).
🔔 Алерты:
Индикатор распознаёт сигналы на:
смену тренда (вверх/вниз),
достижение целей (тейков),
срабатывание стопа.
Можно включить в окне алертов TradingView.
✅ Преимущества:
Полностью автоматический: не требует ручной разметки.
Удобство: уровни и цели отображаются прямо на графике.
Гибкость: можно адаптировать под любую стратегию.
Визуальная ясность: приятные цвета, чистый интерфейс.
📋 Как использовать:
Добавь индикатор на график.
Дождись сигнала смены тренда (треугольник и свеча с цветом тренда).
Вход осуществляется на текущем баре (линия Entry).
Следи за достижением целей T1–T3 или стопа.
Можно использовать алерты для автоматизации.
Переведи на английский
Profit Sniper RSI Based Buy/Sell📌 Profit Sniper RSI – Intelligent Buy/Sell Signals Based on Adaptive RSI Zones
Profit Sniper RSI is a precision-engineered indicator that generates high-confidence Buy and Sell signals by dynamically interpreting the Relative Strength Index (RSI) across five market zones. It is designed to reduce signal noise and avoid false breakouts using a combination of crossover logic, zone validation, and trend sentiment detection.
🔍 Underlying Concept:
This script divides the RSI into five structured zones:
- **0–24**: Power Sell (Extreme bearish momentum)
- **24–40**: Sell (Weak price action with downward pressure)
- **40–60**: Neutral/Consolidation (No clear trend)
- **60–76**: Buy (Bullish initiation zone)
- **76–100**: Power Buy (Strong bullish momentum)
Signals are generated **only after the RSI crosses a zone boundary** (e.g., from below 60 to above 60), and only **after the candle closes**, which helps filter out noise from intra-bar RSI fluctuations.
📈 Signal Logic:
- **Buy signals** are triggered when RSI crosses key thresholds (24, 40, or 60) upward, indicating rising strength.
- **Sell signals** are triggered when RSI crosses downward below 76, 60, or 40, suggesting trend weakness or reversal.
- **Power Buy and Power Sell signals** are reserved for extreme crossovers beyond 76 and below 24, respectively.
- The script avoids repeated signals (e.g., Buy after Buy) by tracking the last confirmed signal state.
🔧 Customization:
- Users can toggle visibility of Buy, Sell, Power Buy, and Power Sell signals independently.
- Adjustable RSI length input to fit different market conditions or timeframes.
- Displays a real-time info panel showing the current RSI, last signal type, the RSI level at the time of the last signal, and the price when the signal was triggered.
🧠 How It Helps Traders:
- Reduces false entries by only generating signals **after candle closure**.
- Designed to work across **any timeframe** and **any market** (Crypto, Forex, Stocks).
- Ideal for traders who rely on **RSI-based confirmation** before entry and prefer minimal visual clutter.
- Acts as a sniper tool — waiting for clear RSI structure and crossover before acting.
⚠️ Note:
This script does **not repaint**. All signals are based on closed-bar RSI logic. While no indicator guarantees profitability, this tool is built for serious traders who value disciplined entries backed by momentum structure.
💡 Tip: Combine Profit Sniper RSI with key support/resistance or trendline zones for added confluence and trade precision.
Ultra Supply & DemandUltra Supply and Demand fixed.
Order Block Detection: Identifies potential order blocks (demand/supply zones)
VisionThis indicator helps visually distinguish and analyze the Asian, London, and New York trading sessions. It's a great tool for intraday traders focusing on time-based liquidity zones.
🔧 Features:
Asian range box, London / New York high-low lines with distinct colors.
Customizable time windows, Asian range deviations and colors.
Aggregated Open Interest🔰 Aggregated Open Interest — Multi-Exchange + Base/USD Denomination Control
By
This indicator was created to aggregate all available Open Interest (OI) data on TradingView across major crypto futures exchanges, providing a complete, real-time view of leveraged capital flow in the market.
It includes a powerful denomination toggle:
Base Denomination (default): shows OI in terms of the base asset (e.g., BTC, ETH)
USD Denomination: converts all OI values into USD using the real-time price
📦 Aggregates Open Interest from:
Binance (USDT, USD, and USDC contracts)
BitMEX (USD and USDT contracts)
Kraken (USD contracts)
OKX (USDT and USD contracts)
🆕 This script is designed to be updated continuously as TradingView adds new exchanges or instruments with _OI data. Any new OI source will be added in future updates automatically.
🧠 How to use it:
This indicator works on any chart — spot, perpetual, or otherwise — including BTC, ETH, altcoins, etc.
The OI data is pulled directly from supported futures contracts using request.security() — regardless of the current chart type.
🔍 Why Open Interest matters:
🔺 Rising OI with price: indicates new positions (breakouts or trend continuation)
🔻 Falling OI after strong move: suggests liquidations or profit taking
🔄 Divergences between price and OI (e.g., price up but OI down) often signal trend exhaustion
🧠 Use OI candles to analyze how leverage evolved within each bar (not just at the close)
💥 Spikes in OI wicks may reflect aggressive shorting or margin pressure
⚙️ Features:
✅ Aggregates OI from multiple exchanges
⚖️ Toggle between Base and USD denomination
📊 Real Open Interest Candlesticks (OHLC)
🧩 Modular: turn individual exchanges on/off
🛠️ Fully compatible with any crypto symbol, including spot and perp charts
Note: The indicator does not require you to apply it to a futures contract. It works on any symbol. The Open Interest data is fetched from _OI contracts internally, using request.security().
Telegram :
t.me
Zero-Lag RSI DivergenceZero-Lag RSI Divergence
Overview
This indicator identifies RSI divergences in real-time without delay, providing immediate signals as price-momentum discrepancies develop. The indicator analyzes price action against RSI momentum across dual configurable periods, enabling traders to detect potential reversal opportunities with zero lag.
Key Features
Instant Divergence Detection : Identifies bullish and bearish divergences immediately upon formation without waiting for candle confirmation or historical validation. This eliminates signal delay but may increase false signals due to higher sensitivity.
Dual Period Analysis : Configure detection across two independent cycles - Short Period (default 15) and Long Period (default 50) - allowing for multi-timeframe divergence analysis and enhanced signal validation across different market conditions.
Visual Divergence Lines : Automatically draws dashed lines connecting divergence points between price highs/lows and corresponding RSI peaks/troughs, clearly illustrating the momentum-price relationship.
Customizable RSI Parameters : Adjustable RSI length (default 14) allows optimization for different market volatility and trading timeframes.
How It Works
The indicator continuously monitors price action patterns and RSI momentum:
- Bullish Divergence : Detected when price makes lower lows while RSI makes higher lows, suggesting potential upward momentum
- Bearish Divergence : Identified when price makes higher highs while RSI makes lower highs, indicating potential downward momentum
The algorithm uses candle color transitions and immediate RSI comparisons to trigger signals without historical repainting , ensuring backtesting accuracy and real-time reliability.
How To Read
Important Notes
Higher Signal Frequency : The zero-lag approach increases signal sensitivity, generating more frequent alerts that may include false signals. Consider using additional confirmation methods for trade entries.
Non-Repainting : All signals are generated and maintained without historical modification, ensuring consistent backtesting and forward-testing results.
Input Parameters
RSI Length: Period for RSI calculation (default: 14)
Short/Long Periods: Lookback periods for divergence detection (default: 15/50)
Line Colors: Customizable colors for short and long period divergence lines
Label Settings: Optional divergence labels with custom text
This indicator is designed for traders seeking immediate divergence identification across multiple timeframes while maintaining signal integrity and backtesting reliability.
20/40/6020/40/60 candle separator. Three lines only on all timeframes. Range length and height included. Doesn't mess up the scaling. Togglable elements and movable lines.
MFI Divergence IndicatorAn AI-powered adaptation of the classic RSI divergence layout, now using Money Flow Index logic to catch volume-weighted trend exhaustion and continuations.
Logic & Design
We started with the structure of a popular RSI-Divergence template—swing pivots on left/right lookbacks, high/low swing comparisons, hidden vs. regular patterns, and clean plot/alert calls.
We replaced the RSI oscillator with MFI, folding volume into each reading so divergences spot true institutional flow shifts rather than just price momentum.
The script detects four core patterns:
Regular Bullish (price ↓↓ + MFI ↗↗)
Hidden Bullish (price ↗ higher low + MFI ↘ lower low)
Regular Bearish (price ↑↑ + MFI ↘↘)
Hidden Bearish (price ↘ lower high + MFI ↗ higher high)
A single “Any MFI Divergence” alert fires on any of the above, so you only ever need one alert in TradingView.
AI-Assisted Code
This indicator was generated and optimized by an AI assistant—ensuring modern Pine-v6 compatibility, clean input validation, and ready-to-publish formatting. Feel free to inspect, tweak, and extend!
Strength Indicator PanelThe Strength Indicator Panel is packed with features designed to provide a robust and customizable analysis experience:
1. Multi-Indicator Strength Calculation: The panel assesses the strength of several key technical indicators, including:
• TREND: Evaluates the market's directional bias based on Exponential Moving Averages (EMAs).
• VOLUME: Measures the intensity of price movements by analyzing volume against its moving average.
• RSI (Relative Strength Index): Gauges overbought or oversold conditions and the momentum of price changes.
• STOCHASTIC: Compares a security's closing price to its price range over a given period to identify momentum and potential reversals.
• ADX (Average Directional Index): Determines the strength of a trend, regardless of its direction.
• MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence): Identifies trend changes, momentum, and potential buy/sell signals through the relationship between two moving averages of a security's price.
• OVERALL: A composite strength score derived from a weighted average of all individual indicator strengths, providing a holistic market view.
2. Intuitive Visual Representation: The strength of each indicator is displayed in a dynamic table with a gradient background, ranging from green (strong bullish/positive) to red (strong bearish/negative). This visual cue allows for immediate interpretation of market conditions.
• Directional Symbols: Each indicator's strength is further clarified with directional symbols:
• ▲ (Solid Up Arrow): Indicates strong bullish momentum or high strength.
• △ (Hollow Up Arrow): Suggests weak bullish momentum or moderate strength.
• ▼ (Solid Down Arrow): Points to strong bearish momentum or low strength.
• ▽ (Hollow Down Arrow): Implies weak bearish momentum or moderate weakness.
For the TREND indicator, these arrows specifically denote the direction of the trend (up or down) combined with its strength.
3. Customizable Table Settings: Users can tailor the panel's appearance to their preferences:
• Chart Theme: Automatically adjusts to your TradingView chart's theme (Light or Dark) or allows manual selection.
• Table Size: Choose between 'Small' or 'Large' to fit your chart layout.
• Chart Box Style: Select between a 'Diagonal' (▩) or 'Solid' (■) style for the background cells, offering visual flexibility.
4. Adjustable Indicator Parameters: The script provides extensive input options to fine-tune the calculation of each underlying indicator, allowing users to adapt the panel to different trading strategies, timeframes, and asset classes. These parameters include:
• EMA lengths for TREND calculation.
• Percentile Rank length for various strength calculations.
• Volume Moving Average length.
• RSI and Stochastic lengths.
• ADX DI and Smoothing lengths.
• MACD Fast, Slow, and Signal lengths.
A few example using the indicator as below:
Enhanced Swing + Intraday Strategy + Entry/Exit LabelsPurpose
This TradingView Pine Script is designed for swing traders who hold trades for 3–5 days, but also occasionally do intraday trading. It combines momentum indicators, moving averages, and support/resistance tools to give a complete picture of trend direction, entries, and exits.
Features and Logic Breakdown
1. 20-Day Simple Moving Average (Daily Timeframe)
Fixed to the daily chart, regardless of your active chart timeframe.
Acts as a trend filter and price magnet, especially useful for mean reversion setups.
Helps assess whether the stock is overbought/oversold relative to its 1-month average.
2. VWAP (Volume-Weighted Average Price)
Useful for intraday trades.
Acts as an intraday "fair value" and gravity zone.
Helps identify entries near institutional support/resistance.
3. 9-EMA and 20-EMA (Current Timeframe)
Short-term trend signals.
When 9 EMA crosses above 20 EMA → bullish entry.
When 9 EMA crosses below 20 EMA → bearish exit.
4. Entry/Exit Labels
Plots "Enter" label (green) when 9 EMA crosses above 20 EMA.
Plots "Exit" label (red) when 9 EMA crosses below 20 EMA.
Helps visually track signals without guesswork.
5. Alerts
Built-in conditions to trigger alerts for:
Bullish cross (9 EMA above 20 EMA)
Bearish cross (9 EMA below 20 EMA)
6. Bollinger Bands (20-period, 2 Std Dev)
Shows volatility expansion/contraction around the 20-period SMA.
Can help identify overextended prices or squeeze setups.
Plotted as gray upper/lower bands with shading.
7. MACD (12/26/9) – Hidden
Measures momentum and trend strength.
Lines and histogram are hidden by default but can be toggled on in settings.
8. RSI (14) – Hidden
Measures overbought/oversold conditions.
Hidden by default but plotted between 0–100 with 30/70 lines.
How to Use
On Daily Charts:
Use the script for core swing entries. Enter long on 9 EMA > 20 EMA when price is near the 20-day SMA. Confirm with RSI/MACD if needed.
On Intraday Charts:
Use VWAP and EMAs to manage exits or find sharp intraday pullbacks.
The 20-day SMA still acts as an anchor.
Recommended Trade Flow
1. Identify price trend: Is it above or below the 20-day SMA?
2. Wait for EMA cross entry signal ("Enter" label).
3. Check if RSI is in neutral (not overbought) and MACD histogram is rising.
4. Manage trade using VWAP and 20-day SMA as guide.
5. Exit when "Exit" label triggers or price extends from VWAP.
Anpassbare Zeitintervall LinienThe indicator offers the ability to draw vertical lines at custom-defined time intervals.
Within each of these intervals, the highest and lowest prices are automatically marked, providing clear visual reference points for market extremes.
Today High/Low Lines [tzuriamos]Marks highs and lows by marked lines on your chart.
Discord: tzuriamos
Today High/Low Lines [tzuriamos]Displays the current day's highs and lows that exist in the market.
Once a high or low is taken, it is updated.
DCA by Vuong Thai v2 %verview of "DCA by Vuong Thai %" – Upgraded Version
Main Function:
This script automatically detects optimal DCA (Dollar-Cost Averaging) buy points and smart profit-taking zones based on a combination of technical signals: EMA, candlestick patterns, volume, RSI, and price distance from EMA.
It helps you optimize capital allocation using a structured averaging-down strategy and exit trades when a target price range is reached.
✅ Buy Logic (Buy Signal)
A buy signal is triggered when all of the following conditions are met:
Strong bullish candlestick: Green candle with a longer lower wick than upper wick
Price is below the EMA → indicating a downtrend
Volume is above the moving average (if volume filtering is enabled)
Price is at least a certain percentage below the EMA (e.g., ≥ 1%)
RSI is below 30 → indicating an oversold condition
No repeat buys unless price makes a new low → helps avoid premature entries
👉 When a buy signal appears:
A DCA Zone (buy region) is drawn on the chart
A label with the corresponding DCA percentage is displayed automatically (e.g., "DCA 5%", "DCA 10%")
Trend Lines (only lines)[matteovesperi]Indicator Overview
The indicator, developed by matteovesperi, is an overlay tool that plots trend lines on price charts. It is designed to identify and connect pivot highs and lows over short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term periods, providing a visual representation of trends and potential support/resistance levels. The indicator is customizable, with options to adjust periods, toggle visibility, and manage performance for efficient use.
Key Points
The indicator plots trend lines based on pivot points for short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term periods.
It seems likely that it helps visualize trends and support/resistance levels across different time frames.
Research suggests users can customize periods and toggle line/label visibility for analysis.
Overview
This indicator overlays on price charts to show trend lines connecting pivot highs and lows, identified over customizable short, intermediate, and long-term periods. It uses color-coded lines for each period and allows toggling visibility.
Functionality
It detects pivots using lookback periods (e.g., default 3 for short-term, 15 for intermediate, 40 for long-term), draws lines between consecutive pivots, and can display prioritized labels. Lines are managed for performance, removing oldest when exceeding limits.
Usage
The indicator is particularly useful for traders and technical analysts seeking to understand trends across different time frames. By observing the direction and slope of the trend lines, users can gauge the strength and direction of trends. The pivot points and connecting lines can act as dynamic support and resistance levels, aiding in decision-making for entry and exit points.
The multi-timeframe capability allows for a comprehensive analysis, combining short-term price movements with longer-term trends. For example, a trader might use short-term lines for day trading signals while referring to long-term lines for overall market direction. The customizable periods enable adaptation to various trading styles and asset characteristics, enhancing flexibility.
Customization and User Experience
Users can adjust the lookback periods to suit their trading strategy, with ranges ensuring practical sensitivity (e.g., short-term minimum of 1, long-term maximum of 100). The ability to toggle line and label visibility provides control over chart clutter, allowing focus on specific periods. Color settings, while defaulted, can be adjusted for better visualization, though the provided RGB values suggest a grayscale theme for consistency.
شمعة ابتلاعية صاعدة أو هابطة - أسودAn engulfing candle, whether bullish or bearish, will appear on the chart in black
Universal 10 MA be @cryptoingenerUniversal Multi MA (10 Moving Averages, Dynamic Colors, Multi-TF, By @CryptoIngener
Short Description (Краткое описание):
Indicator for plotting up to 10 moving averages of any type (SMA, EMA, WMA, HMA, RMA, DEMA, KAMA) on any timeframe, with dynamic coloring and customizable line thickness. Includes a subtle green watermark for copyright.
“This script is provided for educational and informational purposes only.”
MADA Trader Zones📊 Institutional Bias Indicator
This indicator is based on the analysis of institutional evaluations of individual trading days. By assessing trader behavior on a daily basis, an average is created that indicates when a market is considered cheap or expensive. Combined with current sentiment, this results in potential signals for entries or exits.
⚠️ Important Note:
This indicator does not work autonomously. Its signals must always be interpreted in the context of the overall market structure. That’s why it serves as a supportive tool within our MADA Mentoring Program, where we teach institutional knowledge and decision-making processes in depth.
