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Bitcoin Regression Price BoundariesTLDR DCA into BTC at or below the blue line. DCA out of BTC when price approaches the red line. There's a setting to toggle the future extrapolation off/on. INTRODUCTION Regression analysis is a fundamental and powerful data science tool, when applied CORRECTLY . All Bitcoin regressions I've seen (Rainbow Log, Stock-to-flow, and non-linear models), have glaring flaws ... Namely, that they have huge drift from one cycle to the next. Presented here, is a canonical application of this statistical tool. "Canonical" meaning that any trained analyst applying the established methodology, would arrive at the same result. We model 3 lines: Upper price boundary (red) - Predicted the April 2021 top to within 1% Lower price boundary (green)- Predicted the Dec 2022 bottom within 10% Non-bubble best fit line (blue) - Last update was performed on Feb 28 2024. NOTE: The red/green lines were calculated using solely data from BEFORE 2021. "I'M INTRUIGED, BUT WHAT EXACTLY IS REGRESSION ANALYSIS?" Quite simply, it attempts to draw a best-fit line over some set of data. As you can imagine, there are endless forms of equations that we might try. So we need objective means of determining which equations are better than others. This is where statistical rigor is crucial. We check p-values to ensure that a proposed model is better than chance. When comparing two different equations, we check R-squared and Residual Standard Error, to determine which equation is modeling the data better. We check residuals to ensure the equation is sufficiently complex to model all the available signal. We check adjusted R-squared to ensure the equation is not *overly* complex and merely modeling random noise. While most people probably won't entirely understand the above paragraph, there's enough key terminology in for the intellectually curious to research. DIVING DEEPER INTO THE 3 REGRESSION LINES ABOVE WARNING! THIS IS TECHNICAL, AND VERY ABBREVIATED We prefer a linear regression, as the statistical checks it allows are convenient and powerful. However, the BTCUSD dataset is decidedly non-linear. Thus, we must log transform both the x-axis and y-axis. At the end of this process, we'll use e^ to transform back to natural scale. Plotting the log transformed data reveals a crucial visual insight. The best fit line for the blowoff tops is different than for the lower price boundary. This is why other models have failed. They attempt to model ALL the data with just one equation. This causes drift in both the upper and lower boundaries. Here we calculate these boundaries as separate equations. Upper Boundary (in red) = e^(3.24*ln(x)-15.8) Lower Boundary (green) = e^(0.602*ln^2(x) - 4.78*ln(x) + 7.17) Non-Bubble best fit (blue) = e^(0.633*ln^2(x) - 5.09*ln(x) +8.12) * (x) = The number of days since July 18 2010 Anyone familiar with Bitcoin, knows it goes in cycles where price goes stratospheric, typically measured in months; and then a lengthy cool-off period measured in years. The non-bubble best fit line methodically removes the extreme upward deviations until the residuals have the closest statistical semblance to normal data (bell curve shaped data). Whereas the upper/lower boundary only gets re-calculated in hindsight (well after a blowoff or capitulation occur), the Non-Bubble line changes ever so slightly with each new datapoint. The last update to this line was made on Feb 28, 2024. ENOUGH NERD TALK! HOW CAN I APPLY THIS? In the simplest terms, anything below the blue line is a statistical buying opportunity. The closer you approach the green line (the lower boundary) the more statistically strong that opportunity is. As price approaches the red line, is a growing statistical likelyhood/danger of an imminent blowoff top. So a wise trader would DCA (dollar cost average) into Bitcoin below the blue line; and would DCA out of Bitcoin as it approaches the red line. Historically, you may or may not have a large time-window during points of maximum opportunity. So be vigilant! Anything within 10-20% of the boundary should be regarded as extreme opportunity. Note: You can toggle the future extrapolation of these lines in the settings (default on). CLOSING REMARKS Keep in mind this is a pure statistical analysis. It's likely that this model is probing a complex, real economic process underlying the Bitcoin price. Statistical models like this are most accurate during steady state conditions, where the prevailing fundamentals are stable. (The astute observer will note, that the regression boundaries held despite the economic disruption of 2020). Thus, it cannot be understated: Should some drastic fundamental change occur in the underlying economic landscape of cryptocurrency, Bitcoin itself, or the broader economy, this model could drastically deviate, and become significantly less accurate. Furthermore, the upper/lower boundaries cross in the year 2037. THIS MODEL WILL EVENTUALLY BREAK DOWN. But for now, given that Bitcoin price moves on the order of 2000% from bottom to top, it's truly remarkable that, using SOLELY pre-2021 data, this model was able to nail the top/bottom within 10%.
Indicatore Pine Script®
di bawdyanarchist
4
MicroStrategy / Bitcoin Market Cap RatioThis indicator offers a unique analytical perspective by comparing the market capitalization of MicroStrategy (MSTR) with that of Bitcoin (BTC) . Designed for investors and analysts interested in the correlation between MicroStrategy's financial performance and the Bitcoin market, the script calculates and visualizes the ratio of MSTR's market capitalization to Bitcoin's market capitalization. Key Features: Start Date: The script considers data starting from July 28, 2020, aligning with MicroStrategy's initial announcement to invest in Bitcoin. Data Sources: It retrieves real-time data for MSTR's total shares outstanding, MSTR's stock price, and BTC's market capitalization. Market Cap Calculations: The script calculates MicroStrategy's market cap by multiplying its stock price with the total shares outstanding. It then forms a ratio of MSTR's market cap to BTC's market cap. Bollinger Bands: To add a layer of analysis, the script includes Bollinger Bands around the ratio, with customizable parameters for length and multiplier. These bands can help identify overbought or oversold conditions in the relationship between MSTR's and BTC's market values. The indicator plots the MSTR/BTC market cap ratio and the Bollinger Bands, providing a clear visual representation of the relationship between these two market values over time. This indicator is ideal for users who are tracking the impact of Bitcoin's market movements on MicroStrategy's valuation or vice versa. It provides a novel way to visualize and analyze the interconnectedness of a leading cryptocurrency asset and a major corporate investor in the space.
Indicatore Pine Script®
di nanopowered
hamster-bot MRS 2 (simplified version) MRS - Mean Reversion Strategy (Countertrend) (Envelope strategy) This script does not claim to be unique and does not mislead anyone. Even the unattractive backtest result is attached. The source code is open. The idea has been described many times in various sources. But at the same time, their collection in one place provides unique opportunities. Published by popular demand and for ease of use. so that users can track the development of the script and can offer their ideas in the comments. Otherwise, you have to communicate in several telegram chats. Representative of the family of counter-trend strategies. The basis of the strategy is Mean reversion . You can also read about the Envelope strategy . Mean reversion , or reversion to the mean, is a theory used in finance that suggests that asset price volatility and historical returns eventually will revert to the long-run mean or average level of the entire dataset. The strategy is very simple. Has very few settings. Good for beginners to get acquainted with algorithmic trading. A simple adjustment will help avoid overfitting. There are many variations of this strategy, but for understanding it is better to start with this implementation. Principle of operation. 1) A conventional MA is being built. (fuchsia line). A limit order is placed on this line to close the position. 2) (green line) A limit order is placed on this line to open a long position 3) (red line) A limit order is placed on this line to open a short position Attention! Please note that a limit order is used. Conclude that the strategy has a limited capacity. And the results obtained on low-liquid instruments will be too high in the tester. On real auctions there will be a different result. Note for testing the strategy in the spot market: When testing in the spot market, do not include both long and short at the same time. It is recommended to test only the long mode on the spot. Short mode for more advanced users. Settings: Available types of moving averages: SMA EMA TEMA - triple exponential moving average DEMA - Double Exponential Moving Average ZLEMA - Zero lag exponential moving average WMA - weighted moving average Hma - Hull Moving Average Thma - Triple Exponential Hull Moving Average Ehma - Exponential Hull Moving Average H - MA built based on highs for n candles | ta.highest(len) L - MA built based on lows for n candles | ta.lowest(len) DMA - Donchian Moving Average A Kalman filter can be applied to all MA The peculiarity of the strategy is a large selection of MA and the possibility of shifting lines. You can set up a reverse trending strategy on the Donchian channel for example. Use Long - enable/disable opening a Long position Use Short - enable/disable opening a Short position Lot Long, % - % allocated from the deposit for opening a Long position. In the spot market, do not use % greater than 100% Lot Short, % - allocated % of the deposit for opening a Short position Start date - the beginning of the testing period End date - the end of the testing period (Example: only August 2020 can be tested) Mul - multiplier. Used to offset lines. Example: Mul = 0.99 is shift -1% Mul = 1.01 is shift +1% Non-strict recommendations: 1) Test the SPOT market on crypto exchanges. (The countertrend strategy has liquidation risk on futures) 2) Symbols altcoin/bitcoin or altcoin/altcoin. Example: ETH/BTC or DOGE/ETH 3) Timeframe is usually 1 hour If the script passes moderation, I will supplement it by adding separate settings for closing long and short positions according to their MA
Strategia Pine Script®
di hamster-bot
7
Bankruptcy Risk: Altman Z-Score, Zmijewski Score, Grover GThis custom indicator calculates three common bankruptcy risk scores: Altman Z-Score Zmijewski Score Grover G-Score Altman Z-Score Companies are in healthy condition if the Z-Score > 2.6. Companies are in vulnerable conditions and need improvement (grey area) if the score is between 1.1 - 2.6. Companies have the potential to lead to serious bankruptcy if the Z-Score < 1.1. Zmijewski Score The company has the potential to go bankrupt if the value of X Score > 0. The company is healthy if the value of X Score < 0. Grover Model: G-Score The company has the potential to go bankrupt if the G Score ≤ -0.02. The company is in good health if the value of G Score ≥ 0.001. The indicator pulls key financial metrics and calculates each score, then displays the results in a table with color-coding based on the level of bankruptcy risk. Users can toggle between FQ and FY periods and view details on the underlying metrics. This provides an easy way to visualize bankruptcy risk for a company and compare across different scoring models. Useful for fundamental analysis and assessing financial health. The financial ratios and methodology are based on research described in "Analysis of Bankruptcy Prediction Models in Determining Bankruptcy of Consumer Goods Companies in Indonesia" (Thomas et al., 2020).
Indicatore Pine Script®
di oanstein
Machine Learning: Trend Lines [YinYangAlgorithms]Trend lines have always been a key indicator that may help predict many different types of price movements. They have been well known to create different types of formations such as: Pennants, Channels, Flags and Wedges. The type of formation they create is based on how the formation was created and the angle it was created. For instance, if there was a strong price increase and then there is a Wedge where both end points meet, this is considered a Bull Pennant. The formations Trend Lines create may be powerful tools that can help predict current Support and Resistance and also Future Momentum changes. However, not all Trend Lines will create formations, and alone they may stand as strong Support and Resistance locations on the Vertical. The purpose of this Indicator is to apply Machine Learning logic to a Traditional Trend Line Calculation, and therefore allowing a new approach to a modern indicator of high usage. The results of such are quite interesting and goes to show the impacts a simple KNN Machine Learning model can have on Traditional Indicators. Tutorial: There are a few different settings within this Indicator. Many will greatly impact the results and if any are changed, lots will need ‘Fine Tuning’. So let's discuss the main toggles that have great effects and what they do before discussing the lengths. Currently in this example above we have the Indicator at its Default Settings. In this example, you can see how the Trend Lines act as key Support and Resistance locations. Due note, Support and Resistance are a relative term, as is their color. What starts off as Support or Resistance may change when the price crosses over / under them. In the example above we have zoomed in and circled locations that exhibited markers of Support and Resistance along the Trend Lines. These Trend Lines are all created using the Default Settings. As you can see from the example above; just because it is a Green Upwards Trend Line, doesn’t mean it’s a Support Line. Support and Resistance is always shifting on Trend Lines based on the prices location relative to them. We won’t go through all the Formations Trend Lines make, but the example above, we can see the Trend Lines formed a Downward Channel. Channels are when there are two parallel downwards Trend Lines that are at a relatively similar angle. This means that they won’t ever meet. What may happen when the price is within these channels, is it may bounce between the upper and lower bounds. These Channels may drive the price upwards or downwards, depending on if it is in an Upwards or Downwards Channel. If you refer to the example above, you’ll notice that the Trend Lines are formed like traditional Trend Lines. They don’t stem from current Highs and Lows but rather Machine Learning Highs and Lows. More often than not, the Machine Learning approach to Trend Lines cause their start point and angle to be quite different than a Traditional Trend Line. Due to this, it may help predict Support and Resistance locations at are more uncommon and therefore can be quite useful. In the example above we have turned off the toggle in Settings ‘Use Exponential Data Average’. This Settings uses a custom Exponential Data Average of the KNN rather than simply averaging the KNN. By Default it is enabled, but as you can see when it is disabled it may create some pretty strong lasting Trend Lines. This is why we advise you ZOOM OUT AS FAR AS YOU CAN. Trend Lines are only displayed when you’ve zoomed out far enough that their Start Point is visible. As you can see in this example above, there were 3 major Upward Trend Lines created in 2020 that have had a major impact on Support and Resistance Locations within the last year. Lets zoom in and get a closer look. We have zoomed in for this example above, and circled some of the major Support and Resistance locations that these Upward Trend Lines may have had a major impact on. Please note, these Machine Learning Trend Lines aren’t a ‘One Size Fits All’ kind of thing. They are completely customizable within the Settings, so that you can get a tailored experience based on what Pair and Time Frame you are trading on. When any values are changed within the Settings, you’ll likely need to ‘Fine Tune’ the rest of the settings until your desired result is met. By default the modifiable lengths within the Settings are: Machine Learning Length: 50 KNN Length:5 Fast ML Data Length: 5 Slow ML Data Length: 30 For example, let's toggle ‘Use Exponential Data Averages’ back on and change ‘Fast ML Data Length’ from 5 to 20 and ‘Slow ML Data Length’ from 30 to 50. As you can in the example above, all of the lines have changed. Although there are still some strong Support Locations created by the Upwards Trend Lines. We will conclude our Tutorial here. Hopefully you’ve learned how to use Machine Learning Trend Lines and will be able to now see some more unorthodox Support and Resistance locations on the Vertical. Settings: Use Machine Learning Sources: If disabled Traditional Trend line sources (High and Low) will be used rather than Rational Quadratics. Use KNN Distance Sorting: You can disable this if you wish to not have the Machine Learning Data sorted using KNN. If disabled trend line logic will be Traditional. Use Exponential Data Average: This Settings uses a custom Exponential Data Average of the KNN rather than simply averaging the KNN. Machine Learning Length: How strong is our Machine Learning Memory? Please note, when this value is too high the data is almost 'too' much and can lead to poor results. K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) Length: How many K-Nearest Neighbours are allowed with our Distance Clustering? Please note, too high or too low may lead to poor results. Fast ML Data Length: Fast and Slow speed needs to be adjusted properly to see results. 3/5/7 all seem to work well for Fast. Slow ML Data Length: Fast and Slow speed needs to be adjusted properly to see results. 20 - 50 all seem to work well for Slow. If you have any questions, comments, ideas or concerns please don't hesitate to contact us. HAPPY TRADING!
Indicatore Pine Script®
di YinYangAlgorithms
1
Triple Ehlers Market StateClear trend identification is an important aspect of finding the right side to trade, another is getting the best buying/selling price on a pullback, retracement or reversal. Triple Ehlers Market State can do both. Three is always better Ehlers’ original formulation produces bullish, bearish and trendless signals. The indicator presented here gate stages three correlation cycles of adjustable lengths and degree thresholds, displaying a more refined view of bullish, bearish and trendless markets, in a compact and novel way. Stick with the default settings, or experiment with the cycle period and threshold angle of each cycle, then choose whether ‘Recent trend weighting’ is included in candle colouring. John Ehlers is a highly respected trading maths head who may need no introduction here. His idea for Market State was published in TASC June 2020 Traders Tips. The awesome interpretation of Ehlers’ work on which Triple Ehlers Market State’s correlation cycle calculations are based can be found at: DISCLAIMER: None of this is financial advice.
Indicatore Pine Script®
di alphaXiom
13
Cycles: 4x dual inputs: Swing / Time Cycles projected forward//Purpose/Premise: To project forward vertical 'cycle' lines based on user-input anchor points, and to search for confluence. The idea being that if several well-anchored cycles agree (i.e. we see multiple bunched vertical line confluence in the future), then this may add support to an already existing trade idea, or may indicate an increased likelihood of a shift in direction. //Usage & notes: ~In the above chart I've anchored to obvious swing lows and swing highs in Btc/Usd from 2020-2022. You could also use fixed time-based cycles from a favored start anchor point. Bars per cycle are printed at the top of each cycle box if your're interested in time cycles. I.e. for 1, 2, 3 month cycles: for BTC you could use 30, 60, 90 bars on daily; for S&P you could use 20, 40, 60 bars on daily. ~On first loading the indicator you will be asked select 'start date', and 'end date' for each of 4 sessions (8x clicks on chart). After this you can easily reset points by clicking the indicator display line three dots>> reset points. Or you can simply drag the vertical box edges (purple lines) to change your cycle anchor points. ~Be sure the start anchor point is before the end anchor point or box/lines won't appear. ~When you drop down to low timeframes you might get bar_index error due to history available: you need then to click the three dots on indicator display line >> reset points >> 8x clicks on the chart. ~Vertical projected lines will match the color of the cycle box they origninate from. ~Lines will project into the future as far as is allowed by tradingview (500 bars max) //Inputs: ~Time start and end dates for each cycle (change these as described above, or input manually) ~Show/hide each cycle (default is show all 4) ~Formatting options: color of forward projected lines, line width, line style, line / box / text color. ~Box transparancy: Set to 100 to make boxes invisible & declutter the chart. Set to 0 for maximum opacity. Default is 80. thanks to @Sathyamurthie for his ideas on cycle confluence which caused me to write this.
Indicatore Pine Script®
di twingall
3
SimilarityMeasuresLibrary "SimilarityMeasures" Similarity measures are statistical methods used to quantify the distance between different data sets or strings. There are various types of similarity measures, including those that compare: - data points (SSD, Euclidean, Manhattan, Minkowski, Chebyshev, Correlation, Cosine, Camberra, MAE, MSE, Lorentzian, Intersection, Penrose Shape, Meehl), - strings (Edit(Levenshtein), Lee, Hamming, Jaro), - probability distributions (Mahalanobis, Fidelity, Bhattacharyya, Hellinger), - sets (Kumar Hassebrook, Jaccard, Sorensen, Chi Square). --- These measures are used in various fields such as data analysis, machine learning, and pattern recognition. They help to compare and analyze similarities and differences between different data sets or strings, which can be useful for making predictions, classifications, and decisions. --- References: en.wikipedia.org cran.r-project.org numerics.mathdotnet.com github.com github.com github.com Encyclopedia of Distances, doi.org ssd(p, q)   Sum of squared difference for N dimensions.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` Vector with first numeric distribution.      q (float ) : `array` Vector with second numeric distribution.   Returns: Measure of distance that calculates the squared euclidean distance. euclidean(p, q)   Euclidean distance for N dimensions.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` Vector with first numeric distribution.      q (float ) : `array` Vector with second numeric distribution.   Returns: Measure of distance that calculates the straight-line (or Euclidean). manhattan(p, q)   Manhattan distance for N dimensions.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` Vector with first numeric distribution.      q (float ) : `array` Vector with second numeric distribution.   Returns: Measure of absolute differences between both points. minkowski(p, q, p_value)   Minkowsky Distance for N dimensions.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` Vector with first numeric distribution.      q (float ) : `array` Vector with second numeric distribution.      p_value (float) : `float` P value, default=1.0(1: manhatan, 2: euclidean), does not support chebychev.   Returns: Measure of similarity in the normed vector space. chebyshev(p, q)   Chebyshev distance for N dimensions.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` Vector with first numeric distribution.      q (float ) : `array` Vector with second numeric distribution.   Returns: Measure of maximum absolute difference. correlation(p, q)   Correlation distance for N dimensions.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` Vector with first numeric distribution.      q (float ) : `array` Vector with second numeric distribution.   Returns: Measure of maximum absolute difference. cosine(p, q)   Cosine distance between provided vectors.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.      q (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.   Returns: The Cosine distance between vectors `p` and `q`. --- angiogenesis.dkfz.de camberra(p, q)   Camberra distance for N dimensions.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` Vector with first numeric distribution.      q (float ) : `array` Vector with second numeric distribution.   Returns: Weighted measure of absolute differences between both points. mae(p, q)   Mean absolute error is a normalized version of the sum of absolute difference (manhattan).   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` Vector with first numeric distribution.      q (float ) : `array` Vector with second numeric distribution.   Returns: Mean absolute error of vectors `p` and `q`. mse(p, q)   Mean squared error is a normalized version of the sum of squared difference.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` Vector with first numeric distribution.      q (float ) : `array` Vector with second numeric distribution.   Returns: Mean squared error of vectors `p` and `q`. lorentzian(p, q)   Lorentzian distance between provided vectors.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` Vector with first numeric distribution.      q (float ) : `array` Vector with second numeric distribution.   Returns: Lorentzian distance of vectors `p` and `q`. --- angiogenesis.dkfz.de intersection(p, q)   Intersection distance between provided vectors.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` Vector with first numeric distribution.      q (float ) : `array` Vector with second numeric distribution.   Returns: Intersection distance of vectors `p` and `q`. --- angiogenesis.dkfz.de penrose(p, q)   Penrose Shape distance between provided vectors.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` Vector with first numeric distribution.      q (float ) : `array` Vector with second numeric distribution.   Returns: Penrose shape distance of vectors `p` and `q`. --- angiogenesis.dkfz.de meehl(p, q)   Meehl distance between provided vectors.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` Vector with first numeric distribution.      q (float ) : `array` Vector with second numeric distribution.   Returns: Meehl distance of vectors `p` and `q`. --- angiogenesis.dkfz.de edit(x, y)   Edit (aka Levenshtein) distance for indexed strings.   Parameters:      x (int ) : `array` Indexed array.      y (int ) : `array` Indexed array.   Returns: Number of deletions, insertions, or substitutions required to transform source string into target string. --- generated description: The Edit distance is a measure of similarity used to compare two strings. It is defined as the minimum number of operations (insertions, deletions, or substitutions) required to transform one string into another. The operations are performed on the characters of the strings, and the cost of each operation depends on the specific algorithm used. The Edit distance is widely used in various applications such as spell checking, text similarity, and machine translation. It can also be used for other purposes like finding the closest match between two strings or identifying the common prefixes or suffixes between them. --- github.com www.red-gate.com planetcalc.com lee(x, y, dsize)   Distance between two indexed strings of equal length.   Parameters:      x (int ) : `array` Indexed array.      y (int ) : `array` Indexed array.      dsize (int) : `int` Dictionary size.   Returns: Distance between two strings by accounting for dictionary size. --- www.johndcook.com hamming(x, y)   Distance between two indexed strings of equal length.   Parameters:      x (int ) : `array` Indexed array.      y (int ) : `array` Indexed array.   Returns: Length of different components on both sequences. --- en.wikipedia.org jaro(x, y)   Distance between two indexed strings.   Parameters:      x (int ) : `array` Indexed array.      y (int ) : `array` Indexed array.   Returns: Measure of two strings' similarity: the higher the value, the more similar the strings are. The score is normalized such that `0` equates to no similarities and `1` is an exact match. --- rosettacode.org mahalanobis(p, q, VI)   Mahalanobis distance between two vectors with population inverse covariance matrix.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.      q (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.      VI (matrix) : `matrix` Inverse of the covariance matrix.   Returns: The mahalanobis distance between vectors `p` and `q`. --- people.revoledu.com stat.ethz.ch docs.scipy.org fidelity(p, q)   Fidelity distance between provided vectors.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.      q (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.   Returns: The Bhattacharyya Coefficient between vectors `p` and `q`. --- en.wikipedia.org bhattacharyya(p, q)   Bhattacharyya distance between provided vectors.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.      q (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.   Returns: The Bhattacharyya distance between vectors `p` and `q`. --- en.wikipedia.org hellinger(p, q)   Hellinger distance between provided vectors.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.      q (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.   Returns: The hellinger distance between vectors `p` and `q`. --- en.wikipedia.org jamesmccaffrey.wordpress.com kumar_hassebrook(p, q)   Kumar Hassebrook distance between provided vectors.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.      q (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.   Returns: The Kumar Hassebrook distance between vectors `p` and `q`. --- github.com jaccard(p, q)   Jaccard distance between provided vectors.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.      q (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.   Returns: The Jaccard distance between vectors `p` and `q`. --- github.com sorensen(p, q)   Sorensen distance between provided vectors.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.      q (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.   Returns: The Sorensen distance between vectors `p` and `q`. --- people.revoledu.com chi_square(p, q, eps)   Chi Square distance between provided vectors.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.      q (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.      eps (float)   Returns: The Chi Square distance between vectors `p` and `q`. --- uw.pressbooks.pub stats.stackexchange.com www.itl.nist.gov kulczynsky(p, q, eps)   Kulczynsky distance between provided vectors.   Parameters:      p (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.      q (float ) : `array` 1D Vector.      eps (float)   Returns: The Kulczynsky distance between vectors `p` and `q`. --- github.com
Libreria Pine Script®
di RicardoSantos
11
Support & Resistance AI (K means/median) [ThinkLogicAI]█ OVERVIEW K-means is a clustering algorithm commonly used in machine learning to group data points into distinct clusters based on their similarities. While K-means is not typically used directly for identifying support and resistance levels in financial markets, it can serve as a tool in a broader analysis approach. Support and resistance levels are price levels in financial markets where the price tends to react or reverse. Support is a level where the price tends to stop falling and might start to rise, while resistance is a level where the price tends to stop rising and might start to fall. Traders and analysts often look for these levels as they can provide insights into potential price movements and trading opportunities. █ BACKGROUND The K-means algorithm has been around since the late 1950s, making it more than six decades old. The algorithm was introduced by Stuart Lloyd in his 1957 research paper "Least squares quantization in PCM" for telecommunications applications. However, it wasn't widely known or recognized until James MacQueen's 1967 paper "Some Methods for Classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations," where he formalized the algorithm and referred to it as the "K-means" clustering method. So, while K-means has been around for a considerable amount of time, it continues to be a widely used and influential algorithm in the fields of machine learning, data analysis, and pattern recognition due to its simplicity and effectiveness in clustering tasks. █ COMPARE AND CONTRAST SUPPORT AND RESISTANCE METHODS 1) K-means Approach: Cluster Formation: After applying the K-means algorithm to historical price change data and visualizing the resulting clusters, traders can identify distinct regions on the price chart where clusters are formed. Each cluster represents a group of similar price change patterns. Cluster Analysis: Analyze the clusters to identify areas where clusters tend to form. These areas might correspond to regions of price behavior that repeat over time and could be indicative of support and resistance levels. Potential Support and Resistance Levels: Based on the identified areas of cluster formation, traders can consider these regions as potential support and resistance levels. A cluster forming at a specific price level could suggest that this level has been historically significant, causing similar price behavior in the past. Cluster Standard Deviation: In addition to looking at the means (centroids) of the clusters, traders can also calculate the standard deviation of price changes within each cluster. Standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion or volatility of data points around the mean. A higher standard deviation indicates greater price volatility within a cluster. Low Standard Deviation: If a cluster has a low standard deviation, it suggests that prices within that cluster are relatively stable and less likely to exhibit sudden and large price movements. Traders might consider placing tighter stop-loss orders for trades within these clusters. High Standard Deviation: Conversely, if a cluster has a high standard deviation, it indicates greater price volatility within that cluster. Traders might opt for wider stop-loss orders to allow for potential price fluctuations without getting stopped out prematurely. Cluster Density: Each data point is assigned to a cluster so a cluster that is more dense will act more like gravity and 2) Traditional Approach: Trendlines: Draw trendlines connecting significant highs or lows on a price chart to identify potential support and resistance levels. Chart Patterns: Identify chart patterns like double tops, double bottoms, head and shoulders, and triangles that often indicate potential reversal points. Moving Averages: Use moving averages to identify levels where the price might find support or resistance based on the average price over a specific period. Psychological Levels: Identify round numbers or levels that traders often pay attention to, which can act as support and resistance. Previous Highs and Lows: Identify significant previous price highs and lows that might act as support or resistance. The key difference lies in the approach and the foundation of these methods. Traditional methods are based on well-established principles of technical analysis and market psychology, while the K-means approach involves clustering price behavior without necessarily incorporating market sentiment or specific price patterns. It's important to note that while the K-means approach might provide an interesting way to analyze price data, it should be used cautiously and in conjunction with other traditional methods. Financial markets are influenced by a wide range of factors beyond just price behavior, and the effectiveness of any method for identifying support and resistance levels should be thoroughly tested and validated. Additionally, developments in trading strategies and analysis techniques could have occurred since my last update. █ K MEANS ALGORITHM The algorithm for K means is as follows: Initialize cluster centers assign data to clusters based on minimum distance calculate cluster center by taking the average or median of the clusters repeat steps 1-3 until cluster centers stop moving █ LIMITATIONS OF K MEANS There are 3 main limitations of this algorithm: Sensitive to Initializations: K-means is sensitive to the initial placement of centroids. Different initializations can lead to different cluster assignments and final results. Assumption of Equal Sizes and Variances: K-means assumes that clusters have roughly equal sizes and spherical shapes. This may not hold true for all types of data. It can struggle with identifying clusters with uneven densities, sizes, or shapes. Impact of Outliers: K-means is sensitive to outliers, as a single outlier can significantly affect the position of cluster centroids. Outliers can lead to the creation of spurious clusters or distortion of the true cluster structure. █ LIMITATIONS IN APPLICATION OF K MEANS IN TRADING Trading data often exhibits characteristics that can pose challenges when applying indicators and analysis techniques. Here's how the limitations of outliers, varying scales, and unequal variance can impact the use of indicators in trading: Outliers are data points that significantly deviate from the rest of the dataset. In trading, outliers can represent extreme price movements caused by rare events, news, or market anomalies. Outliers can have a significant impact on trading indicators and analyses:    Indicator Distortion: Outliers can skew the calculations of indicators, leading to   misleading signals. For instance, a single extreme price spike could cause indicators like moving averages or RSI (Relative Strength Index) to give false signals.    Risk Management: Outliers can lead to overly aggressive trading decisions if not  properly accounted for. Ignoring outliers might result in unexpected losses or missed opportunities to adjust trading strategies. Different Scales: Trading data often includes multiple indicators with varying units and scales. For example, prices are typically in dollars, volume in units traded, and oscillators have their own scale. Mixing indicators with different scales can complicate analysis:   Normalization: Indicators on different scales need to be normalized or standardized to ensure they contribute equally to the analysis. Failure to do so can lead to one indicator dominating the analysis due to its larger magnitude.   Comparability: Without normalization, it's challenging to directly compare the significance of indicators. Some indicators might have a larger numerical range and could overshadow others. Unequal Variance: Unequal variance in trading data refers to the fact that some indicators might exhibit higher volatility than others. This can impact the interpretation of signals and the performance of trading strategies:   Volatility Adjustment: When combining indicators with varying volatility, it's essential to adjust for their relative volatilities. Failure to do so might lead to overemphasizing or underestimating the importance of certain indicators in the trading strategy.   Risk Assessment: Unequal variance can impact risk assessment. Indicators with higher volatility might lead to riskier trading decisions if not properly taken into account. █ APPLICATION OF THIS INDICATOR This indicator can be used in 2 ways: 1) Make a directional trade: If a trader thinks price will go higher or lower and price is within a cluster zone, The trader can take a position and place a stop on the 1 sd band around the cluster. As one can see below, the trader can go long the green arrow and place a stop on the one standard deviation mark for that cluster below it at the red arrow. using this we can calculate a risk to reward ratio. Calculating risk to reward: targeting a risk reward ratio of 2:1, the trader could clearly make that given that the next resistance area above that in the orange cluster exceeds this risk reward ratio. 2) Take a reversal Trade: We can use cluster centers (support and resistance levels) to go in the opposite direction that price is currently moving in hopes of price forming a pivot and reversing off this level. Similar to the directional trade, we can use the standard deviation of the cluster to place a stop just in case we are wrong. In this example below we can see that shorting on the red arrow and placing a stop at the one standard deviation above this cluster would give us a profitable trade with minimal risk. Using the cluster density table in the upper right informs the trader just how dense the cluster is. Higher density clusters will give a higher likelihood of a pivot forming at these levels and price being rejected and switching direction with a larger move. █ FEATURES & SETTINGS General Settings: Number of clusters: The user can select from 3 to five clusters. A good rule of thumb is that if you are trading intraday, less is more (Think 3 rather than 5). For daily 4 to 5 clusters is good. Cluster Method: To get around the outlier limitation of k means clustering, The median was added. This gives the user the ability to choose either k means or k median clustering. K means is the preferred method if the user things there are no large outliers, and if there appears to be large outliers or it is assumed there are then K medians is preferred. Bars back To train on: This will be the amount of bars to include in the clustering. This number is important so that the user includes bars that are recent but not so far back that they are out of the scope of where price can be. For example the last 2 years we have been in a range on the sp500 so 505 days in this setting would be more relevant than say looking back 5 years ago because price would have to move far to get there. Show SD Bands: Select this to show the 1 standard deviation bands around the support and resistance level or unselect this to just show the support and resistance level by itself. Features: Besides the support and resistance levels and standard deviation bands, this indicator gives a table in the upper right hand corner to show the density of each cluster (support and resistance level) and is color coded to the cluster line on the chart. Higher density clusters mean price has been there previously more than lower density clusters and could mean a higher likelihood of a reversal when price reaches these areas. █ WORKS CITED Victor Sim, "Using K-means Clustering to Create Support and Resistance", 2020, towardsdatascience.com Chris Piech, "K means", stanford.edu █ ACKNOLWEDGMENTS @jdehorty- Thanks for the publish template. It made organizing my thoughts and work alot easier.
Indicatore Pine Script®
di ThinkLogicAI
40
BTCUSD Price prediction based on central bank liquidityIn recent months the idea that Bitcoin prices are increasingly linked to liquidity provided by central banks has gained strength. Multiple opinion leaders in the bitcoin space have shared their thoughts to explain why this is happening and why it makes sense. Some of these people I'm talking about are Preston Pysh, Dr. Jeff Ross, Steven McClurg, Lynn Alden among others. The reality is that the correlation between market liquidity, measured as Assets held by the Federal Reserve, Bank of Japan and European Central bank, and Bitcoin prices is high. This made me wonder whether a regression between "market liquidity" and BTCUSD prices made sense in order to understand where Bitcoin prices are in relation to the liquidity in the market. After several trials I ended up fitting a polynomial regression of degree 5 between Market Liquidity and BTCUSD prices since 2013. This regression resulted in r-squared value of 90.93%. I initially visualized the results in python notebooks but then I thought it would be cool to be able to see them in real-time in tradingview. That's where this script comes handy... This script takes the coefficients and intercept from the polynomial regression I built and applies them to the "market_liquidity" index. In addition, it adds upper and lower bound lines to the prediction based on a 95% confidence interval. As you will see, particularly since 2020, the price of bitcoin has rarely been above or below the lines representing the 95% confidence interval. When price has actually crossed these lines it's been in moments where Bitcoin was highly overbought or oversold. Therefore this indicator could be used to understand when it's a good moment to enter or exit the market based on central bank fundamentals. Here's the detailed step-by-step description of what the script does 1) It defines the coefficients obtained from running the regression betweeen "market liquidity" and BTCUSD. Market liquidity is defined as: Market liquidity = FRED:WALCL + FX_IDX:JPYUSD*FRED:JPNASSETS + FX:EURUSD*FRED:ECBASSETSW - FRED:RRPONTSYD - FRED:WTREGEN 2) It defines a scale factor. The reason for this is that coefficients from the regression are very small numbers, given the huge numbers of the value of assets held by central banks. Pinescript doesn't support numbers with many decimals and rounds them to 0, so the coefficients had to be scaled up in order to be able to calculate the regression results. 3) It calculates market liquity with the formula defined above. Market liquidity is calculated in US Dollars. 4) It calculates the predicted BTCUSD price based on the coefficients and the market liquidity values. 5) It scales down the values by the same factor used to scale the coefficients up 6) It defines the standard deviation of the "potential_btcusd_price_scaled" and the actual BTCUSD prices. 7) It defines upper and lower bounds to the BTCUSD price prediction using a z-score of 1.96, which is equivalent to 95% confidence interval. 8) Lastly it plots the BTCUSD price prediction (orange) and the upper (red) and lower(green) confidence intervals. The script can be updated as the correlation of BTCUSD to central bank assets changes (the slope values can be updated). How to use it: When actual BTCUSD price (blue line in the chart) crosses over the red line (upper bound) or crosses under the green line (lower bound) it should be taken as a sign that the price of BTCUSD may be overvalued or undervalued based on the value of assets held by major central banks.
Indicatore Pine Script®
di luca_badoer
11
Advanced VWAP_Pullback Strategy_Trend-Template QualifierGeneral Description and Unique Features of this Script Introducing the Advanced VWAP Momentum-Pullback Strategy (long-only) that offers several unique features: 1. Our script/strategy utilizes Mark Minervini's Trend-Template as a qualifier for identifying stocks and other financial securities in confirmed uptrends. Mark Minervini, a 2x US Investment Champion, developed the Trend-Template, which covers eight different and independent characteristics that can be adjusted and optimized in this trend-following strategy to ensure the best results. The strategy will only trigger buy-signals in case the optimized qualifiers are being met. 2. Our strategy is based on the supply/demand balance in the market, making it timeless and effective across all timeframes. Whether you are day trading using 1- or 5-min charts or swing-trading using daily charts, this strategy can be applied and works very well. 3. We have also integrated technical indicators such as the RSI and the MA / VWAP crossover into this strategy to identify low-risk pullback entries in the context of confirmed uptrends. By doing so, the risk profile of this strategy and drawdowns are being reduced to an absolute minimum. Minervini’s Trend-Template and the ‘Stage-Analysis’ of the Markets This strategy is a so-called 'long-only' strategy. This means that we only take long positions, short positions are not considered. The best market environment for such strategies are periods of stable upward trends in the so-called stage 2 - uptrend. In stable upward trends, we increase our market exposure and risk. In sideways markets and downward trends or bear markets, we reduce our exposure very quickly or go 100% to cash and wait for the markets to recover and improve. This allows us to avoid major losses and drawdowns. This simple rule gives us a significant advantage over most undisciplined traders and amateurs!   'The Trend is your Friend'. This is a very old but true quote. What's behind it??? • 98% of stocks made their biggest gains in a Phase 2 upward trend. • If a stock is in a stable uptrend, this is evidence that larger institutions are buying the stock sustainably. • By focusing on stocks that are in a stable uptrend, the chances of profit are significantly increased. • In a stable uptrend, investors know exactly what to expect from further price developments. This makes it possible to locate low-risk entry points. The goal is not to buy at the lowest price – the goal is to buy at the right price! Each stock goes through the same maturity cycle – it starts at stage 1 and ends at stage 4   Stage 1 – Neglect Phase – Consolidation Stage 2 – Progressive Phase – Accumulation Stage 3 – Topping Phase – Distribution Stage 4 – Downtrend – Capitulation This strategy focuses on identifying stocks in confirmed stage 2 uptrends. This in itself gives us an advantage over long-term investors and less professional traders. By focusing on stocks in a stage 2 uptrend, we avoid losses in downtrends (stage 4) or less profitable consolidation phases (stages 1 and 3). We are fully invested and put our money to work for us, and we are fully invested when stocks are in their stage 2 uptrends. But how can we use technical chart analysis to find stocks that are in a stable stage 2 uptrend? Mark Minervini has developed the so-called 'trend template' for this purpose. This is an essential part of our JS-TechTrading pullback strategy. For our watchlists, only those individual values that meet the tough requirements of Minervini's trend template are eligible. The Trend Template • 200d MA increasing over a period of at least 1 month, better 4-5 months or longer • 150d MA above 200d MA • 50d MA above 150d MA and 200d MA • Course above 50d MA, 150d MA and 200d MA • Ideally, the 50d MA is increasing over at least 1 month • Price at least 25% above the 52w low • Price within 25% of 52w high • High relative strength according to IBD. NOTE: In this basic version of the script, the Trend-Template has to be used as a separate indicator on TradingView (Public Trend-Template indicators are available in TradingView – community scripts). It is recommended to only execute buy signals in case the stock or financial security is in a stage 2 uptrend, which means that the criteria of the trend-template are fulfilled. This strategy can be applied to all timeframes from 5 min to daily. The VWAP Momentum-Pullback Strategy For the JS-TechTrading VWAP Momentum-Pullback Strategy, only stocks and other financial instruments that meet the selected criteria of Mark Minervini's trend template are recommended for algorithmic trading with this startegy. A further prerequisite for generating a buy signals is that the individual value is in a short-term oversold state (RSI). When the selling pressure is over and the continuation of the uptrend can be confirmed by the MA / VWAP crossover after reaching a price low, a buy signal is issued by this strategy. Stop-loss limits and profit targets can be set variably. You also have the option to make use of the trailing stop exit strategy. Relative Strength Index (RSI) The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is a technical indicator developed by Welles Wilder in 1978. The RSI is used to perform a market value analysis and identify the strength of a trend as well as overbought and oversold conditions. The indicator is calculated on a scale from 0 to 100 and shows how much an asset has risen or fallen relative to its own price in recent periods. The RSI is calculated as the ratio of average profits to average losses over a certain period of time. A high value of the RSI indicates an overbought situation, while a low value indicates an oversold situation. Typically, a value > 70 is considered an overbought threshold and a value < 30 is considered an oversold threshold. A value above 70 signals that a single value may be overvalued and a decrease in price is likely , while a value below 30 signals that a single value may be undervalued and an increase in price is likely. For example, let's say you're watching a stock XYZ. After a prolonged falling movement, the RSI value of this stock has fallen to 26. This means that the stock is oversold and that it is time for a potential recovery. Therefore, a trader might decide to buy this stock in the hope that it will rise again soon. The MA / VWAP Crossover Trading Strategy This strategy combines two popular technical indicators: the Moving Average (MA) and the Volume Weighted Average Price (VWAP). The MA VWAP crossover strategy is used to identify potential trend reversals and entry/exit points in the market. The VWAP is calculated by taking the average price of an asset for a given period, weighted by the volume traded at each price level. The MA, on the other hand, is calculated by taking the average price of an asset over a specified number of periods. When the MA crosses above the VWAP, it suggests that buying pressure is increasing, and it may be a good time to enter a long position. When the MA crosses below the VWAP, it suggests that selling pressure is increasing, and it may be a good time to exit a long position or enter a short position. Traders typically use the MA VWAP crossover strategy in conjunction with other technical indicators and fundamental analysis to make more informed trading decisions. As with any trading strategy, it is important to carefully consider the risks and potential rewards before making any trades. This strategy is applicable to all timeframes and the relevant parameters for the underlying indicators (RSI and MA/VWAP) can be adjusted and optimized as needed. Backtesting Backtesting gives outstanding results on all timeframes and drawdowns can be reduced to a minimum level. In this example, the hourly chart for MCFT has been used. Settings for backtesting are: - Period from Jan 2020 until March 2023 - Starting capital 100k USD - Position size = 25% of equity - 0.01% commission = USD 2.50.- per Trade - Slippage = 2 ticks Other comments - This strategy has been designed to identify the most promising, highest probability entries and trades for each stock or other financial security. - The combination of the Trend-Template and the RSI qualifiers results in a highly selective strategy which only considers the most promising swing-trading entries. As a result, you will normally only find a low number of trades for each stock or other financial security per year in case you apply this strategy for the daily charts. Shorter timeframes will result in a higher number of trades / year. - Consequently, traders need to apply this strategy for a full watchlist rather than just one financial security.
Strategia Pine Script®
di JS_TechTrading
3
Binance Auto Spot-Futures Premium/Discount -CheThis Script is based in the 2020 @Plumptoiletduck script Special thanks to @tartigradia for the Auto Detect code for the Binance pair. It tells us the difference in price between Spot and Perpetual Futures. Now I incorporated the function that automatically detects the pair we are in to show the premium/discount of that pair. You never need to select the currency you are in the script anymore! It is specially designed for Binance coins, it includes all perpetuals. How to use it? Usually if the Futures are higher than the Spot it indicates that we are in an over exposure zone of longs in futures. If the spot is cheaper than the futures it means that the futures are more fearful. You can use this script with an Open Interest script to get an idea of what is going on. Other examples:
Indicatore Pine Script®
di Che_Trader
1
JS-TechTrading: VWAP Momentum_Pullback StrategyGeneral Description and Unique Features of this Script Introducing the VWAP Momentum-Pullback Strategy (long-only) that offers several unique features: 1. Our script/strategy utilizes Mark Minervini's Trend-Template as a qualifier for identifying stocks and other financial securities in confirmed uptrends. NOTE: In this basic version of the script, the Trend-Template has to be used as a separate indicator on TradingView (Public Trend-Template indicators are available on TradingView – community scripts). It is recommended to only execute buy signals in case the stock or financial security is in a stage 2 uptrend, which means that the criteria of the trend-template are fulfilled. 2. Our strategy is based on the supply/demand balance in the market, making it timeless and effective across all timeframes. Whether you are day trading using 1- or 5-min charts or swing-trading using daily charts, this strategy can be applied and works very well. 3. We have also integrated technical indicators such as the RSI and the MA / VWAP crossover into this strategy to identify low-risk pullback entries in the context of confirmed uptrends. By doing so, the risk profile of this strategy and drawdowns are being reduced to an absolute minimum. Minervini’s Trend-Template and the ‘Stage-Analysis’ of the Markets This strategy is a so-called 'long-only' strategy. This means that we only take long positions, short positions are not considered. The best market environment for such strategies are periods of stable upward trends in the so-called stage 2 - uptrend. In stable upward trends, we increase our market exposure and risk. In sideways markets and downward trends or bear markets, we reduce our exposure very quickly or go 100% to cash and wait for the markets to recover and improve. This allows us to avoid major losses and drawdowns. This simple rule gives us a significant advantage over most undisciplined traders and amateurs!   'The Trend is your Friend'. This is a very old but true quote. What's behind it??? • 98% of stocks made their biggest gains in a Phase 2 upward trend. • If a stock is in a stable uptrend, this is evidence that larger institutions are buying the stock sustainably. • By focusing on stocks that are in a stable uptrend, the chances of profit are significantly increased. • In a stable uptrend, investors know exactly what to expect from further price developments. This makes it possible to locate low-risk entry points. The goal is not to buy at the lowest price – the goal is to buy at the right price! Each stock goes through the same maturity cycle – it starts at stage 1 and ends at stage 4   Stage 1 – Neglect Phase – Consolidation Stage 2 – Progressive Phase – Accumulation Stage 3 – Topping Phase – Distribution Stage 4 – Downtrend – Capitulation This strategy focuses on identifying stocks in confirmed stage 2 uptrends. This in itself gives us an advantage over long-term investors and less professional traders. By focusing on stocks in a stage 2 uptrend, we avoid losses in downtrends (stage 4) or less profitable consolidation phases (stages 1 and 3). We are fully invested and put our money to work for us, and we are fully invested when stocks are in their stage 2 uptrends. But how can we use technical chart analysis to find stocks that are in a stable stage 2 uptrend? Mark Minervini has developed the so-called 'trend template' for this purpose. This is an essential part of our JS-TechTrading pullback strategy. For our watchlists, only those individual values that meet the tough requirements of Minervini's trend template are eligible. The Trend Template • 200d MA increasing over a period of at least 1 month, better 4-5 months or longer • 150d MA above 200d MA • 50d MA above 150d MA and 200d MA • Course above 50d MA, 150d MA and 200d MA • Ideally, the 50d MA is increasing over at least 1 month • Price at least 25% above the 52w low • Price within 25% of 52w high • High relative strength according to IBD. NOTE: In this basic version of the script, the Trend-Template has to be used as a separate indicator on TradingView (Public Trend-Template indicators are available in TradingView – community scripts). It is recommended to only execute buy signals in case the stock or financial security is in a stage 2 uptrend, which means that the criteria of the trend-template are fulfilled. This strategy can be applied to all timeframes from 5 min to daily. The VWAP Momentum-Pullback Strateg y For the JS-TechTrading VWAP Momentum-Pullback Strategy, only stocks and other financial instruments that meet the selected criteria of Mark Minervini's trend template are recommended for algorithmic trading with this startegy. A further prerequisite for generating a buy signals is that the individual value is in a short-term oversold state (RSI). When the selling pressure is over and the continuation of the uptrend can be confirmed by the MA / VWAP crossover after reaching a price low, a buy signal is issued by this strategy. Stop-loss limits and profit targets can be set variably. Relative Strength Index (RSI) The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is a technical indicator developed by Welles Wilder in 1978. The RSI is used to perform a market value analysis and identify the strength of a trend as well as overbought and oversold conditions. The indicator is calculated on a scale from 0 to 100 and shows how much an asset has risen or fallen relative to its own price in recent periods. The RSI is calculated as the ratio of average profits to average losses over a certain period of time. A high value of the RSI indicates an overbought situation, while a low value indicates an oversold situation. Typically, a value > 70 is considered an overbought threshold and a value < 30 is considered an oversold threshold. A value above 70 signals that a single value may be overvalued and a decrease in price is likely , while a value below 30 signals that a single value may be undervalued and an increase in price is likely. For example, let's say you're watching a stock XYZ. After a prolonged falling movement, the RSI value of this stock has fallen to 26. This means that the stock is oversold and that it is time for a potential recovery. Therefore, a trader might decide to buy this stock in the hope that it will rise again soon. The MA / VWAP Crossover Trading Strategy This strategy combines two popular technical indicators: the Moving Average (MA) and the Volume Weighted Average Price (VWAP). The MA VWAP crossover strategy is used to identify potential trend reversals and entry/exit points in the market. The VWAP is calculated by taking the average price of an asset for a given period, weighted by the volume traded at each price level. The MA, on the other hand, is calculated by taking the average price of an asset over a specified number of periods. When the MA crosses above the VWAP, it suggests that buying pressure is increasing, and it may be a good time to enter a long position. When the MA crosses below the VWAP, it suggests that selling pressure is increasing, and it may be a good time to exit a long position or enter a short position. Traders typically use the MA VWAP crossover strategy in conjunction with other technical indicators and fundamental analysis to make more informed trading decisions. As with any trading strategy, it is important to carefully consider the risks and potential rewards before making any trades. This strategy is applicable to all timeframes and the relevant parameters for the underlying indicators (RSI and MA/VWAP) can be adjusted and optimized as needed. Backtesting Backtesting gives outstanding results on all timeframes and drawdowns can be reduced to a minimum level. In this example, the hourly chart for MCFT has been used. Settings for backtesting are: - Period from April 2020 until April 2021 (1 yr) - Starting capital 100k USD - Position size = 25% of equity - 0.01% commission = USD 2.50.- per Trade - Slippage = 2 ticks Other comments • This strategy has been designed to identify the most promising, highest probability entries and trades for each stock or other financial security. • The RSI qualifier is highly selective and filters out the most promising swing-trading entries. As a result, you will normally only find a low number of trades for each stock or other financial security per year in case you apply this strategy for the daily charts. Shorter timeframes will result in a higher number of trades / year. • As a result, traders need to apply this strategy for a full watchlist rather than just one financial security.
Strategia Pine Script®
di JS_TechTrading
3
Strategy for UT Bot Alerts indicator Using the UT Bot alerts indicator by @QuantNomad, this strategy was designed for showing an example of how this indicator could be used, also, it has the goal to help some people from a group that use to use this indicator for their trading. Under any circumstance I recommend to use it without testing it before in real time. Backtesting context: 2020-02-05 to 2023-02-25 of BTCUSD 4H by Tvc. Commissions: 0.03% for each entry, 0.03% for each exit. Risk per trade: 2.5% of the total account For this strategy, 3 indicators are used: UT Bot Alerts indicator by Quantnomad One Ema of 200 periods for indicate the trend Atr stop loss from Gatherio Trade conditions: For longs: Close price is higher than Atr from UT Bot Ema from UT Bot cross over Atr from UT Bot. This gives us our long signal. Stop loss will be determined by atr stop loss (white point), break even(blue point) by a risk/reward ratio of 0.75:1 and take profit of 3:1 where half position will be closed. This will be showed as buy (open long position) The other half will be closed when close price is lower than Atr and Ema from UT Bot cross under Atr. This will be showed as cl buy (close long position) For shorts: Close price is lower than Atr from UT Bot Ema from UT Bot cross over Atr from UT Bot. This gives us our short signal. Stop loss will be determined by atr stop loss (white point), break even(blue point) by a risk/reward ratio of 0.75:1 and take profit of 3:1 where half position will be closed. This will be showed as sell (open short position) The other half will be closed when close price is higher than Atr and Ema from UT Bot cross over Atr. This will be showed as cl sell (close short position) Risk management For calculate the amount of the position you will use just a small percent of your initial capital for the strategy and you will use the atr stop loss for this. Example: You have 1000 usd and you just want to risk 2,5% of your account, there is a long signal at price of 20,000 usd. The stop loss price from atr stop loss is 19,000. You calculate the distance in percent between 20,000 and 19,000. In this case, that distance would be of 5,0%. Then, you calculate your position by this way: (initial or current capital * risk per trade of your account) / (stop loss distance). Using these values on the formula: (1000*2,5%)/(5,0%) = 500usd. It means, you have to use 500 usd for risking 2.5% of your account. We will use this risk management for apply compound interest. In settings, with position amount calculator, you can enter the amount in usd of your account and the amount in percentage for risking per trade of the account. You will see this value in green color in the upper left corner that shows the amount in usd to use for risking the specific percentage of your account. Script functions Inside of settings, you will find some utilities for display atr stop loss, break evens, positions, signals, indicators, etc. You will find the settings for risk management at the end of the script if you want to change something. But rebember, do not change values from indicators, the idea is to not over optimize the strategy. If you want to change the initial capital for backtest the strategy, go to properties, and also enter the commisions of your exchange and slippage for more realistic results. In risk managment you can find an option called "Use leverage ?", activate this if you want to backtest using leverage, which means that in case of not having enough money for risking the % determined by you of your account using your initial capital, you will use leverage for using the enough amount for risking that % of your acount in a buy position. Otherwise, the amount will be limited by your initial/current capital ---> Do not forget to deactivate Trades on chart option in style settings for a cleaner look of the chart <--- Some things to consider USE UNDER YOUR OWN RISK. PAST RESULTS DO NOT REPRESENT THE FUTURE. DEPENDING OF % ACCOUNT RISK PER TRADE, YOU COULD REQUIRE LEVERAGE FOR OPEN SOME POSITIONS, SO PLEASE, BE CAREFULL AND USE CORRECTLY THE RISK MANAGEMENT Do not forget to change commissions and other parameters related with back testing results! Strategies for trending markets use to have more looses than wins and it takes a long time to get profits, so do not forget to be patient and consistent ! ---> The strategy can still be improved, you can change some parameters depending of the asset and timeframe like risk/reward for taking profits, for break even, also the main parameters of the UT Bot Alerts <----
Strategia Pine Script®
di StrategiesForEveryone
18
Ehlers Reflex Indicator [CC]The Reflex Indicator was created by John Ehlers (Stocks and Commodities Feb 2020) and this is a zero lag indicator that works similar to an overbought/oversold indicator but with the current stock cycle data. I find that this indicator works well as a leading indicator as well as a divergence indicator. Generally speaking, this indicator indicates a medium to long term downtrend when the indicator is below the line and a medium to long term uptrend when the indicator is above the line. Ehlers has created a few complementary indicators that I will release in the next few days but just keep in mind that this indicator focuses on the underlying cycle component while removing as much noise with no lag. I have color coded the lines to show strong signals with the darker colors and normal signals with the lighter colors. Buy when the line turns green and sell when it turns red. Let me know if there are any other scripts you would like to see me publish!
Indicatore Pine Script®
di cheatcountry
5
Trading Day Holidays: 8am reminder of early closing day ahead-Designed for Index Futures(ES,NQ,YM). 8am Visual reminder on the morning of a holiday trading day that trading will cease at 1pm (NY time). -This is updated and stripped down version of @Daveatt's 2020 script: 'BEST USA Bank Holidays Helper'. -Simply marks 'HOLIDAY' on the holiday trading days, at 8am NY time on that day. Past 'HOLIDAY' labels will delete when new ones print. -Should be 9 of these 'half-day' days throughout the year (not including Xmas period) ~I plan to update this each year
Indicatore Pine Script®
di twingall
1
Strategy: Range BreakoutWhat? In the price action, levels have a significant role to play. Based on the price moving above/below the levels - the underlying instrument shows some price-action in the direction of breakout/breakdown. There are plenty of ways level can be determined. Levels are the decision point to take a trade or not. But if we make the level derivation complex, then the execution may get hamper. This strategy script, developed in PineScript v5, is our attempt at solving this problem at the core by providing this simple, yet elegant solution to this problem. It's essentially an attempt to Trade Simple by drawing logical (horizontal) lines in the chart and take actions, after multiple associated parameters confirmation, on the breakout / breakdown of the levels. How? Let us explain how we are drawing the levels. We are depending on some of the parameters as described below: Open Range : During intraday movement, often if prices move beyond a particular level, it exibits more movement in the same swing in same direction. We found out, through our back testing for Indian Indices like NSE:NIFTY , NSE:BANKNIFTY or NSE:CNXFINANCE the first 15m (i.e 09:15 AM to 09:30 AM, IST) is one of such range. For Indian stocks, it is 9:15 to 9:45. And for MCX MCX:CRUDEOIL1! it's 5:00 pm to 6:00 pm. There are our first levels. PDHCL : Previous Day High, Close, Low. This is our next level VWAP : The rolling VWAP (volume weighted average price) In the breakout/breakdown of the Open Range and Previous Day High/Low, we are taking the trade decisions as follows using CEST principle: C onditions : If current bar's (say you are in 5m timeframe) closing is broken out the Open Range High or Previous Day High, taken a Buy/Long decision (let's say buying a Call Option CE or selling a Put Option PE or buying the future or cash). If current bar's (say you are in 5m timeframe) closing is broken down the Open Range Low or Previous Day Low, taken a Sell/Short decision (let's say buying a Put Option CE or selling a Call Option PE or selling the future or cash). Additionally, and optionally (default ON, one can turn off): we are checking various other associated multiple confirmations as follows: 1. Momentum : Checking 14-period RSI value is more than 50 or less than 50 (all parameters like period, OB, OS ranges are configurable through settings) 2. Current bar's volume is more than the last 20 bars volume average. How much more - that multiplier is also configurable. (default is 1) 3. The breakout candle is bullish (green) or bearish (red). E ntry : All of these happens only on the closing of the candle . Means: Non Repainting! . Clearly in the chart we are showing as green up arrow BO (breakout for buy) and red down arrow BD (breakdown for sell) to take your decision process smooth. So, on the closing of the decision BO/BD candle we are entering the trade (with a thumping heart and nail biting ...) S top Loss : We are relying on the time tasted (last 40 years) mechanism of Average True Range (ATR) of default 14 period. This default period is also configurable. So for Long trades: the 14 period ATR low band is the SL. For Short trades: the 14 period ATR high band is the SL. T arget : We are depending on the thump rule of 1:2 Risk Reward. It's simple and effective. No fancy thing. We are closing the trade on double the favorable price movement compared to the SL placed. Of course, this RR ratio is confiurable from the settings, as usual. What's Unqiue in it? The utter simplicity of this trading mechanism. No fancy things like complex chart pattern, OI data, multiple candlestick patterns, Order flow analysis etc. Simple level determination, Marking clearly in the chart. Making each parameter configurable in Settings and showing tooltip adjacent to the parameter to make you understand it better for your customization, Wait for the candle close, thus eliminating the chances of repainting menace (as much as possible) Additional momentum and volume check to trade entry confirmation. Works with normal candlestick (nothing special ones like HA ...) Showing everything as a Summary Table (which, again can be turned off optionally) overlaying at the bottom-right corner of the chart, Optionally the Summary Table can be configured to alert you back (say you get it notified in your email or SMS). That way, a single, simple, effective trade setup will ease your journey as smooth sail as possible. Mentions There are plenty of friends from whom time to time we borrowed some of the ideas while working closely together over last one year. From tradingview community, we took the spirit of @zzzcrypto123 awesome work done long back (in 2020) as the indicator "ORB - Opening Range Breakout". (We tried to reach him for his explicit consent, unable to catch hold of him). Some other publicly available materials we have consulted to get the additional checks (like RSI, volume). Lat word Use it please and thank you for your constant patronage in following us in this awesome platform. Let's keep growing together. Disclaimer : This piece of software does not come up with any warrantee or any rights of not changing it over the future course of time. We are not responsible for any trading/investment decision you are taking out of the outcome of this indicator.
Strategia Pine Script®
di pradipandsuvra
17