MAD Ratio with Buy/Sell SignalsThis code creates an indicator that generates Buy and Sell signals based on the Moving Average Distance (MAD) Ratio and the crossover/crossunder of two Simple Moving Averages (SMA). Here's a breakdown of what it does:
What the Indicator Shows:
Moving Averages:
21-day SMA (shortMA): Plotted in blue.
200-day SMA (longMA): Plotted in red.
These lines visually represent short-term and long-term trends in price.
Horizontal Reference Line:
A gray horizontal line at Ratio = 1 marks when the 21-day SMA and 200-day SMA are equal. This is the neutral point for the MAD ratio.
Buy and Sell Signals:
Buy Signal (Green Label):
Triggered when:
MAD Ratio > 1 (shortMA is greater than longMA, indicating upward momentum).
The 21-day SMA crosses above the 200-day SMA.
Displays a green "BUY" label below the price chart.
Sell Signal (Red Label):
Triggered when:
MAD Ratio < 1 (shortMA is less than longMA, indicating downward momentum).
The 21-day SMA crosses below the 200-day SMA.
Displays a red "SELL" label above the price chart.
Cerca negli script per "signal"
Trend Trader-Remastered StrategyOfficial Strategy for Trend Trader - Remastered
Indicator: Trend Trader-Remastered (TTR)
Overview:
The Trend Trader-Remastered is a refined and highly sophisticated implementation of the Parabolic SAR designed to create strategic buy and sell entry signals, alongside precision take profit and re-entry signals based on marked Bill Williams (BW) fractals. Built with a deep emphasis on clarity and accuracy, this indicator ensures that only relevant and meaningful signals are generated, eliminating any unnecessary entries or exits.
Please check the indicator details and updates via the link above.
Important Disclosure:
My primary objective is to provide realistic strategies and a code base for the TradingView Community. Therefore, the default settings of the strategy version of the indicator have been set to reflect realistic world trading scenarios and best practices.
Key Features:
Strategy execution date&time range.
Take Profit Reduction Rate: The percentage of progressive reduction on active position size for take profit signals.
Example:
TP Reduce: 10%
Entry Position Size: 100
TP1: 100 - 10 = 90
TP2: 90 - 9 = 81
Re-Entry When Rate: The percentage of position size on initial entry of the signal to determine re-entry.
Example:
RE When: 50%
Entry Position Size: 100
Re-Entry Condition: Active Position Size < 50
Re-Entry Fill Rate: The percentage of position size on initial entry of the signal to be completed.
Example:
RE Fill: 75%
Entry Position Size: 100
Active Position Size: 50
Re-Entry Order Size: 25
Final Active Position Size:75
Important: Even RE When condition is met, the active position size required to drop below RE Fill rate to trigger re-entry order.
Key Points:
'Process Orders on Close' is enabled as Take Profit and Re-Entry signals must be executed on candle close.
'Calculate on Every Tick' is enabled as entry signals are required to be executed within candle time.
'Initial Capital' has been set to 10,000 USD.
'Default Quantity Type' has been set to 'Percent of Equity'.
'Default Quantity' has been set to 10% as the best practice of investing 10% of the assets.
'Currency' has been set to USD.
'Commission Type' has been set to 'Commission Percent'
'Commission Value' has been set to 0.05% to reflect the most realistic results with a common taker fee value.
Candlestick Patterns with SignalsIdentified Patterns:
Bullish Engulfing: Indicates potential upward price movement, marked with green labels and lines.
Bearish Engulfing: Suggests potential downward price movement, marked with red labels and lines.
Hammer: A bullish reversal pattern, marked with blue labels.
Shooting Star: A bearish reversal pattern, marked with orange labels.
Signal Generation:
Long Signal: Triggered when a Bullish Engulfing or Hammer pattern is detected. A dotted green line marks the entry level.
Short Signal: Triggered when a Bearish Engulfing or Shooting Star pattern is detected. A dotted red line marks the entry level.
Visual Elements:
Labels indicating the candlestick pattern names appear at the relevant candles.
Lines connect the previous and current candles for engulfing patterns to highlight their range.
Dotted lines indicate potential entry levels for long or short trades.
Adaptive Price Zone Oscillator [QuantAlgo]Adaptive Price Zone Oscillator 🎯📊
The Adaptive Price Zone (APZ) Oscillator by QuantAlgo is an advanced technical indicator designed to identify market trends and reversals through adaptive price zones based on volatility-adjusted bands. This sophisticated system combines typical price analysis with dynamic volatility measurements to help traders and investors identify trend direction, potential reversals, and market volatility conditions. By evaluating both price action and volatility together, this tool enables users to make informed trading decisions while adapting to changing market conditions.
💫 Dynamic Zone Architecture
The APZ Oscillator provides a unique framework for assessing market trends through a blend of smoothed typical prices and volatility-based calculations. Unlike traditional oscillators that use fixed parameters, this system incorporates dynamic volatility measurements to adjust sensitivity automatically, helping users determine whether price movements are significant relative to current market conditions. By combining smoothed price trends with adaptive volatility zones, it evaluates both directional movement and market volatility, while the smoothing parameters ensure stable yet responsive signals. This adaptive approach allows users to identify trending conditions while remaining aware of volatility expansions and contractions, enhancing both trend-following and mean-reversion strategies.
📊 Indicator Components & Mechanics
The APZ Oscillator is composed of several technical components that create a dynamic trending system:
Typical Price: Utilizes HLC3 (High, Low, Close average) as a balanced price representation
Volatility Measurement: Computes exponential moving average of price changes to determine dynamic zones
Smoothed Calculations: Applies additional smoothing to reduce noise while maintaining responsiveness
Trend Detection: Evaluates price position relative to adaptive zones to determine market direction
📈 Key Indicators and Features
The APZ Oscillator utilizes typical price with customizable length and threshold parameters to adapt to different trading styles. Volatility calculations are applied to determine zone boundaries, providing context-aware levels for trend identification. The trend detection component evaluates price action relative to the adaptive zones, helping validate trends and identify potential reversals.
The indicator also incorporates multi-layered visualization with:
Color-coded trend representation (bullish/bearish)
Clear trend state indicators (+1/-1)
Mean reversion signals with distinct markers
Gradient fills for better visual clarity
Programmable alerts for trend changes
⚡️ Practical Applications and Examples
✅ Add the Indicator : Add the indicator to your TradingView chart by clicking on the star icon to add it to your favorites ⭐️
👀 Monitor Trend State : Watch the oscillator's position relative to the zero line to identify trend direction and potential reversals. The step-line visualization with diamonds makes trend changes clearly visible.
🎯 Track Signals : Pay attention to the mean reversion markers that appear above and below the price chart:
→ Upward triangles (⤻) signal potential bullish reversals
→ X crosses (↷) indicate potential bearish reversals
🔔 Set Alerts : Configure alerts for trend changes in both bullish and bearish directions, ensuring you can act on significant technical developments promptly.
🌟 Summary and Tips
The Adaptive Price Zone Oscillator by QuantAlgo is a versatile technical tool, designed to support both trend following and mean reversion strategies across different market environments. By combining smoothed typical price analysis with dynamic volatility-based zones, it helps traders and investors identify significant trend changes while measuring market volatility, providing reliable technical signals. The tool's adaptability through customizable length, threshold, and smoothing parameters makes it suitable for various trading timeframes and styles, allowing users to capture opportunities while maintaining awareness of changing market conditions.
Key parameters to optimize for your trading style:
APZ Length: Adjust for more or less sensitivity to price changes
Threshold: Fine-tune the volatility multiplier for wider or narrower zones
Smoothing: Balance noise reduction with signal responsiveness
Meme Coin Buy Signal Indicator by asharThis custom TradingView indicator is specifically designed for meme coins, using technical analysis indicators to identify optimal buy signals. It combines short-term moving averages, volume spikes, and Bitcoin trend alignment to pinpoint potential entry points during high-momentum periods.
Indicator Components:
Moving Averages (MA): A 5-period fast MA and a 13-period slow MA highlight short-term price momentum. Buy signals are generated when the fast MA crosses above the slow MA, indicating potential upward momentum.
Volume Spike Detection: The indicator detects high-volume periods using a multiplier. If the current volume exceeds the 10-period average volume by the set multiplier (default: 2.0), it indicates increased buying interest, which is crucial for meme coins.
Bitcoin Trend Alignment: The trend of Bitcoin, a market-wide sentiment indicator, is gauged with a 20-day moving average. Buy signals are validated only when Bitcoin is also in an uptrend, providing additional bullish confirmation for meme coins.
Buy Signal Criteria: A buy signal is triggered when:
The fast MA crosses above the slow MA.
Volume is above the average by the set multiplier.
The price is above the slow MA.
Bitcoin is trending up based on the 20-day moving average.
This indicator is ideal for meme coin traders looking to time entries with momentum-driven trends, aligning volume and trend indicators for a more comprehensive approach to high-risk assets.
EMA 50 + 200 Trend Signal TableEMA 50 + 200 Trend Signal Table (ETT)
This indicator provides a multi-timeframe trend signal table based on the 50-period and 200-period Exponential Moving Averages (EMAs). It visually plots the EMA 50 and EMA 200 on the chart, along with a customizable, compact table that indicates the trend direction across multiple timeframes. This tool is useful for traders looking to quickly identify market trends and momentum on various timeframes.
How It Works
- EMA Trend Analysis: The script compares the EMA 50 and EMA 200 values to determine the trend. When EMA 50 is above EMA 200, the trend is considered Bullish; if EMA 50 is below EMA 200, the trend is Bearish. If EMA 200 data is unavailable (e.g., on very short timeframes), the trend status will display as Neutral.
- Multi-Timeframe Trend Signals: The table displays the trend signals across five user-defined timeframes, updating in real time. Each timeframe row shows either Bullish, Bearish, or Neutral, with colors customizable to your preference.
Features
- EMA 50 and EMA 200 Visualization: Plots EMA 50 and EMA 200 lines directly on the chart. Users can customize the color and line thickness for each EMA to fit their charting style.
- Trend Signal Table: A table positioned on the chart (with options for positioning in the corners) shows the trend direction for the selected timeframes.
Bullish Trend: Highlighted in green (default) with 50% opacity.
Bearish Trend: Highlighted in red (default) with 50% opacity.
Neutral Trend: Highlighted in gray (default) with 50% opacity.
- Customizable Table Appearance: Allows users to select the position of the table (top-right, top-left, bottom-right, or bottom-left) and choose between compact sizes (Extra Small, Small, Normal).
- Adjustable Colors: Users can specify custom colors for each trend status (Bullish, Bearish, Neutral) as well as for the text and table border colors.
Inputs and Customizations
- Timeframes: Choose up to five different timeframes for trend analysis.
- EMA Colors and Line Widths: Customize the color and line width of EMA 50 and EMA 200 plotted on the chart.
- Table Settings: Control the position, size, and color options of the trend signal table for improved visibility and integration with your chart layout.
Use Case This indicator is ideal for traders who employ a multi-timeframe approach to confirm trends and filter entries. By monitoring the relative positions of EMA 50 and EMA 200 across various timeframes, traders can get a quick snapshot of trend strength and direction, aiding in informed trading decisions.
William Fractals + SignalsWilliams Fractals + Trading Signals
This indicator identifies Williams Fractals and generates trading signals based on price sweeps of these fractal levels.
Williams Fractals are specific candlestick patterns that identify potential market turning points. Each fractal requires a minimum of 5 bars (2 before, 1 center, 2 after), though this indicator allows you to customize the number of bars checked.
Up Fractal (High Point) forms when you have a center bar whose HIGH is higher than the highs of 'n' bars before and after it. For example, with n=2, you'd see a pattern where the center bar's high is higher than 2 bars before and 2 bars after it. The indicator also recognizes patterns where up to 4 bars after the center can have equal highs before requiring a lower high.
Down Fractal (Low Point) forms when you have a center bar whose LOW is lower than the lows of 'n' bars before and after it. For example, with n=2, you'd see a pattern where the center bar's low is lower than 2 bars before and 2 bars after it. The indicator also recognizes patterns where up to 4 bars after the center can have equal lows before requiring a higher low.
Trading Signals:
The indicator generates signals when price "sweeps" these fractal levels:
Buy Signal (Green Triangle) triggers when price sweeps a down fractal. This requires price to go BELOW the down fractal's low level and then CLOSE ABOVE it . This pattern often indicates a failed breakdown and potential reversal upward.
Sell Signal (Red Triangle) triggers when price sweeps an up fractal. This requires price to go ABOVE the up fractal's high level and then CLOSE BELOW it. This pattern often indicates a failed breakout and potential reversal downward.
Customizable Settings:
1. Periods (default: 10) - How many bars to check before and after the center bar (minimum value: 2)
2. Maximum Stored Fractals (default: 1) - How many fractal levels to keep in memory. Older levels are removed when this limit is reached to prevent excessive signals and maintain indicator performance.
Important Notes:
• The indicator checks the actual HIGH and LOW prices of each bar, not just closing prices
• Fractal levels are automatically removed after generating a signal to prevent repeated triggers
• Signals are only generated on bar close to avoid false triggers
• Alerts include the ticker symbol and the exact price level where the sweep occurred
Common Use Cases:
• Identifying potential reversal points
• Finding stop-hunt levels where price might reverse
• Setting stop-loss levels above up fractals or below down fractals
• Trading failed breakouts/breakdowns at fractal levels
Colored Moving Averages With RSI SignalsMoving Average (MA):
Helps to determine the overall market trend. If the price is above the MA, it may indicate an uptrend, and if below, a downtrend.
In this case, a Simple Moving Average (SMA) is used, but other types can be applied as well.
Relative Strength Index (RSI):
This is an oscillator that measures the speed and changes of price movements.
Values above 70 indicate overbought conditions (possible sell signal), while values below 30 indicate oversold conditions (possible buy signal).
Purpose of This Indicator:
Trading Signals: The indicator generates "Buy" and "Sell" signals based on the intersection of the price line and the moving average, as well as RSI values. This helps traders make more informed decisions.
Signal Filtering: Using RSI in combination with MA allows for filtering false signals since it considers not only the current trend but also the state of overbought or oversold conditions.
How to Use:
For Short-Term Trading: Traders can use buy and sell signals to enter trades based on short-term market fluctuations.
In Combination with Other Indicators: It can be combined with other indicators for a more comprehensive analysis (e.g., adding support and resistance levels).
Overall, this indicator helps traders respond more quickly and accurately to changes in market conditions, enhancing the chances of successful trades.
RCYC Bullish Bearish Indicator
Summary: The RCYC Bullish Bearish Indicator is a custom trading tool designed to help traders identify potential bullish and bearish conditions in the market using a combination of KDJ and RSI indicators. This indicator uses color-coded candles to visually represent bullish and bearish signals, making it easy to identify trend changes on the chart. The script is particularly useful for traders who prefer visual signals and want to incorporate both trend momentum (KDJ) and relative strength (RSI) in their analysis.
Description:
The RCYC Bullish Bearish Indicator is a unique mashup of the KDJ and RSI indicators, optimized to provide a clear visual representation of market conditions through color-coded candles. This indicator not only identifies the potential trend shifts but also provides alerts for significant crossover points, enhancing a trader's ability to make informed decisions.
How It Works:
KDJ Calculation:
The KDJ is a variation of the Stochastic Oscillator that includes the %J line, which can go beyond the typical 0-100 range of %K and %D.
The KDJ component of this indicator calculates the highest high and lowest low over a specified period (KDJ Length), using these values to derive the %K line.
The %D line is a smoothed version of %K, and the %J line is derived from %K and %D using the formula: J = 3 * %K - 2 * %D.
This indicator focuses on the behavior of the %J line in relation to a mid-point level (50), identifying crossovers and crossunders that signal potential shifts in market sentiment.
RSI Calculation:
The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is a momentum oscillator that measures the speed and change of price movements. It is widely used to identify overbought or oversold conditions.
In this indicator, RSI values are adjusted and plotted to align visually with the KDJ values, providing a complementary momentum analysis.
Crossover Logic and Candle Coloring:
The indicator tracks two main events:
CrossOver50: When the %J line crosses above the 50 level, indicating potential bullish momentum.
CrossUnder50: When the %J line crosses below the 50 level, indicating potential bearish momentum.
Depending on the crossover events, the script changes the color of the candles on the chart:
Red candles on the initial crossover above 50, followed by dark blue candles to maintain bullish sentiment.
Yellow candles on the initial crossover below 50, followed by light blue candles to maintain bearish sentiment.
Alerts:
The indicator includes alert conditions for both bullish and bearish signals:
Red Candle Alert: Notifies the trader when the %J line crosses above 50.
Yellow Candle Alert: Notifies the trader when the %J line crosses below 50.
These alerts allow traders to react promptly to key market signals without continuously monitoring the chart.
Usage and Benefits:
This indicator is designed for traders looking to combine momentum and trend analysis into a single visual tool. It is particularly useful for those trading in trending markets or looking for entry/exit signals based on momentum shifts.
The color-coded candles provide an intuitive way to assess market conditions at a glance, reducing the complexity associated with analyzing multiple indicators separately.
By integrating both KDJ and RSI, the RCYC Bullish Bearish Indicator offers a balanced approach to trend detection and momentum confirmation, making it versatile for various trading styles, including scalping, swing trading, and position trading.
Originality and Usefulness:
While the indicator builds upon the familiar concepts of KDJ and RSI, it uniquely merges them into a cohesive visual tool with distinct crossover-based alerts and candle coloring.
This approach makes the indicator original, as it simplifies the interpretation of complex signals into straightforward visual cues, enhancing the decision-making process for traders who prefer chart-based analysis.
MTF Volume Flow IndicatorThe MTF Volume Flow Indicator (MTF VFI) is an advanced and versatile tool that enhances market analysis by tracking the flow of volume across multiple timeframes. By integrating volume flow with multi-timeframe analysis, this indicator provides traders with a comprehensive understanding of market trends, momentum, and potential reversals.
Key Features
Multi-Timeframe Volume Flow Analysis: The MTF VFI computes the Volume Flow Indicator across various timeframes, ranging from 1 minute to 1 month. This multi-timeframe analysis enables traders to observe and compare volume flow dynamics across different time horizons, offering deeper insights into market behavior.
Customizable VFI Settings: The indicator includes configurable VFI parameters such as length, coefficient, and volume cutoff, allowing users to tailor the analysis to different market conditions and trading strategies. This flexibility ensures that the indicator remains relevant across diverse market environments.
Signal Line and Delta Calculations: The script features a signal line derived from the VFI and calculates the delta values (the difference between VFI and the signal line). These delta values are essential for identifying potential buy or sell signals and are presented as histograms for easy visual interpretation.
Cumulative Delta with Dynamic Bands: The indicator introduces cumulative delta, a powerful tool that combines average and median VFI values to provide a clearer picture of market sentiment. Two standard deviation bands are plotted around the cumulative delta, offering a range within which price movements are likely to remain. These bands are smoothed using a 21-period EMA, providing a more refined view of market volatility.
Multi-Timeframe and Analysis Tables: The MTF VFI includes optional tables that display VFI, signal line, and delta values across all selected timeframes. Additionally, an analysis table presents key statistical metrics such as the highest, lowest, average, standard deviation, range, and median VFI values. These tables provide a concise summary of market conditions, aiding in strategic decision-making.
Dynamic Display Options: The indicator offers extensive customization options, allowing traders to display or hide elements such as delta histograms, delta bands, and tables. This ensures that users can focus on the most relevant information for their trading strategy.
Neutral Candle Coloring Option: Traders can enable neutral candle colors, where bearish candles are gray and bullish candles are white. This feature helps to reduce noise and maintain focus on the overall trend and volume flow analysis.
How It Works
Volume Flow Indicator Calculation: The VFI is calculated using a combination of typical price, volume, and the standard deviation of price changes. The indicator smooths the VFI based on user preferences, allowing traders to adjust the sensitivity of the analysis to better match their trading style.
Multi-Timeframe Integration: The script pulls VFI calculations from multiple timeframes, providing a holistic view of market trends. By analyzing VFI across different timeframes, traders can detect alignments or divergences in volume flow that might indicate trend strength or weakness.
Cumulative Delta and Dynamic Bands: The cumulative delta is computed by combining the average and median VFI values. Dynamic two-standard-deviation bands are plotted around this cumulative delta, providing upper and lower bounds for expected price movements. These bands are further smoothed with a 21-period EMA, enhancing their effectiveness in volatile markets.
Delta Analysis and Histogram Display: The difference between the VFI and its signal line (delta) is calculated and displayed as histograms. This visual representation helps traders quickly assess momentum and identify potential reversals or trend continuations. The cumulative delta is color-coded dynamically based on its direction, adding an extra layer of visual clarity.
Alerts
VFI Crossover Alerts: The indicator includes customizable alerts that notify traders when the VFI crosses above or below its signal line. These alerts are crucial for catching potential trend reversals or continuation signals, even when the trader is not actively monitoring the chart.
Customizable Alert Conditions: Traders can tailor alert conditions to their preferred timeframes and VFI settings, ensuring that the notifications they receive are relevant and timely for their specific trading strategies.
Application
Trend Identification and Confirmation: The MTF VFI aids in identifying and confirming trends by analyzing volume flow across multiple timeframes. This capability is particularly useful for detecting trends that may not be visible on a single timeframe.
Momentum and Divergence Analysis: By comparing VFI and delta values across timeframes, and analyzing cumulative delta with dynamic bands, traders can gain insights into market momentum and potential divergences, which are often precursors to reversals.
Strategic Decision-Making: With its comprehensive multi-timeframe analysis, cumulative delta, and statistical summaries, the MTF VFI equips traders with the information needed to make informed trading decisions, whether for short-term trades or long-term investments.
Visual Clarity and Customization: The indicator’s dynamic display options and neutral candle coloring help traders maintain a clear and focused view of the market, customizing the visualization to match their specific needs.
The MTF Volume Flow Indicator (MTF VFI) by CryptoSea is an essential tool for traders who seek to gain a deeper understanding of market trends and volume dynamics across multiple timeframes. Its advanced features and customization options make it a valuable addition to any trader’s toolkit.
Machine Learning Signal FilterIntroducing the "Machine Learning Signal Filter," an innovative trading indicator designed to leverage the power of machine learning to enhance trading strategies. This tool combines advanced data processing capabilities with user-friendly customization options, offering traders a sophisticated yet accessible means to optimize their market analysis and decision-making processes. Importantly, this indicator does not repaint, ensuring that signals remain consistent and reliable after they are generated.
Machine Learning Integration
The "Machine Learning Signal Filter" employs machine learning algorithms to analyze historical price data and identify patterns that may not be immediately apparent through traditional technical analysis. By utilizing techniques such as regression analysis and neural networks, the indicator continuously learns from new data, refining its predictive capabilities over time. This dynamic adaptability allows the indicator to adjust to changing market conditions, potentially improving the accuracy of trading signals.
Key Features and Benefits
Dynamic Signal Generation: The indicator uses machine learning to generate buy and sell signals based on complex data patterns. This approach enables it to adapt to evolving market trends, offering traders timely and relevant insights. Crucially, the indicator does not repaint, providing reliable signals that traders can trust.
Customizable Parameters: Users can fine-tune the indicator to suit their specific trading styles by adjusting settings such as the temporal synchronization and neural pulse rate. This flexibility ensures that the indicator can be tailored to different market environments.
Visual Clarity and Usability: The indicator provides clear visual cues on the chart, including color-coded signals and optional display of signal curves. Users can also customize the table's position and text size, enhancing readability and ease of use.
Comprehensive Performance Metrics: The indicator includes a detailed metrics table that displays key performance indicators such as return rates, trade counts, and win/loss ratios. This feature helps traders assess the effectiveness of their strategies and make data-driven decisions.
How It Works
The core of the "Machine Learning Signal Filter" is its ability to process and learn from large datasets. By applying machine learning models, the indicator identifies potential trading opportunities based on historical data patterns. It uses regression techniques to predict future price movements and neural networks to enhance pattern recognition. As new data is introduced, the indicator refines its algorithms, improving its accuracy and reliability over time.
Use Cases
Trend Following: Ideal for traders seeking to capitalize on market trends, the indicator helps identify the direction and strength of price movements.
Scalping: With its ability to provide quick signals, the indicator is suitable for scalpers aiming for rapid profits in volatile markets.
Risk Management: By offering insights into trade performance, the indicator aids in managing risk and optimizing trade setups.
In summary, the "Machine Learning Signal Filter" is a powerful tool that combines the analytical strength of machine learning with the practical needs of traders. Its ability to adapt and provide actionable insights makes it an invaluable asset for navigating the complexities of financial markets.
The "Machine Learning Signal Filter" is a tool designed to assist traders by providing insights based on historical data and machine learning techniques. It does not guarantee profitable trades and should be used as part of a comprehensive trading strategy. Users are encouraged to conduct their own research and consider their financial situation before making trading decisions. Trading involves significant risk, and it is possible to lose more than the initial investment. Always trade responsibly and be aware of the risks involved.
Multi Deviation Scaled Moving Average [ChartPrime]Multi Deviation Scaled Moving Average ChartPrime
⯁ OVERVIEW
The Multi Deviation Scaled Moving Average is an analysis tool that combines multiple Deviation Scaled Moving Averages (DSMAs) to provide a comprehensive view of market trends. The DSMA, originally created by John Ehlers, is a sophisticated moving average that adapts to market volatility. This indicator offers a unique approach to trend analysis by utilizing a series of DSMAs with different periods and presenting the results through a color-coded line and a visual histogram.
◆ KEY FEATURES
Multiple DSMA Calculation: Computes eight DSMAs with incrementally increasing periods for multi-faceted trend analysis.
Trend Strength Visualization: Provides a color-coded moving average line indicating trend strength and direction.
Trend Percentage Histogram: Displays a visual representation of bullish vs bearish trend percentages.
Signal Generation: Identifies potential entry and exit points based on trend strength crossovers.
Customizable Parameters: Allows users to adjust the base period and sensitivity of the indicator.
◆ USAGE
Trend Direction and Strength: The color and intensity of the main indicator line provide quick insights into the current trend.
Trend Percentage Histogram: The histogram value can give you an idea of the market trend ahead
Entry and Exit Signals: Diamond-shaped markers indicate potential trade entry and exit points based on trend strength shifts.
Trend Bias Assessment: The trend percentage histogram offers a visual representation of the overall market bias.
Multi-Timeframe Analysis: By applying the indicator to different timeframes, traders can gain insights into trends across various time horizons.
⯁ USER INPUTS
Period: Sets the initial calculation period for the DSMAs (default: 30).
Sensitivity: Adjusts the step size between DSMA periods. Lower values increase sensitivity (default: 60, range: 0-100).
Source: Uses HLC3 (High, Low, Close average) as the default price source.
The Multi Deviation Scaled Moving Average indicator offers traders a sophisticated tool for trend analysis and signal generation. By combining multiple DSMAs and providing clear visual cues, it enables traders to make more informed decisions about market direction and potential entry or exit points. The indicator's customizable parameters allow for fine-tuning to suit various trading styles and market conditions.
Smoothed Heiken Ashi Candles with Delayed SignalsThis is a trend-following approach that uses a modified version of Heiken Ashi candles with additional smoothing. Here are the key components and features:
1. Heiken Ashi Modification: The strategy starts by calculating Heiken Ashi candles, which are known for better trend visualization. However, it modifies the traditional Heiken Ashi by using Exponential Moving Averages (EMAs) of the open, high, low, and close prices.
2. Double Smoothing: The strategy applies two layers of smoothing. First, it uses EMAs to calculate the Heiken Ashi values. Then, it applies another EMA to the Heiken Ashi open and close prices. This double smoothing aims to reduce noise and provide clearer trend signals.
3. Long-Only Approach: As the name suggests, this strategy only takes long positions. It doesn't short the market during downtrends but instead exits existing long positions when the sell signal is triggered.
4. Entry and Exit Conditions:
- Entry (Buy): When the smoothed Heiken Ashi candle color changes from red to green (indicating a potential start of an uptrend).
- Exit (Sell): When the smoothed Heiken Ashi candle color changes from green to red (indicating a potential end of an uptrend).
5. Position Sizing: The strategy uses a percentage of equity for position sizing, defaulting to 100% of available equity per trade. This should be tailored to each persons unique approach. Responsible trading would use less than 5% for each trade. The starting capital used is a responsible and conservative $1000, reflecting the average trader.
This strategy aims to provide a smooth, trend-following approach that may be particularly useful in markets with clear, sustained trends. However, it may lag in choppy or ranging markets due to its heavy smoothing. As with any strategy, it's important to thoroughly back test and forward test before using it with real capital, and to consider using it in conjunction with other analysis tools and risk management techniques.
Other smoothed Heiken Ashi indicators do not provide buy and sell signals, and only show the change in color to dictate a change in trend. By adding buy and sell signals after the close of the changing candle, alerts can be programmed, which helps this be a more hands off protocol to experiment with. Other smoothed Heiken Ashi indicators do not allow for alarms to be set.
This is a unique HODL strategy which helps identify a change in trend, without the noise of day to day volatility. By switching to a line chart, it removes the candles altogether to avoid even more noise. The goal is to HODL a coin while the color is bullish in an uptrend, but once the indicator gives a sell signal, to sell the holdings back to a stable coin and let the chart ride down. Once the chart gives the next buy signal, use that same capital to buy back into the asset. In essence this removes potential losses, and helps buy back in cheaper, gaining more quantitity fo the asset, and therefore reducing your average initial buy in price.
Most HODL strategies ride the price up, miss selling at the top, then riding the price back down in anticipation that it will go back up to sell. This strategy will not hit the absolute tops, but it will greatly reduce potential losses.
Vwap Z-Score with Signals [UAlgo]The "VWAP Z-Score with Signals " is a technical analysis tool designed to help traders identify potential buy and sell signals based on the Volume Weighted Average Price (VWAP) and its Z-Score. This indicator calculates the VWAP Z-Score to show how far the current price deviates from the VWAP in terms of standard deviations. It highlights overbought and oversold conditions with visual signals, aiding in the identification of potential market reversals. The tool is customizable, allowing users to adjust parameters for their specific trading needs.
🔶 Features
VWAP Z-Score Calculation: Measures the deviation of the current price from the VWAP using standard deviations.
Customizable Parameters: Allows users to set the length of the VWAP Z-Score calculation and define thresholds for overbought and oversold levels.
Reversal Signals: Provides visual signals when the Z-Score crosses the specified thresholds, indicating potential buy or sell opportunities.
🔶 Usage
Extreme Z-Score values (both positive and negative) highlight significant deviations from the VWAP, useful for identifying potential reversal points.
The indicator provides visual signals when the Z-Score crosses predefined thresholds:
A buy signal (🔼) appears when the Z-Score crosses above the lower threshold, suggesting the price may be oversold and a potential upward reversal.
A sell signal (🔽) appears when the Z-Score crosses below the upper threshold, suggesting the price may be overbought and a potential downward reversal.
These signals can help you identify potential entry and exit points in your trading strategy.
🔶 Disclaimer
The "VWAP Z-Score with Signals " indicator is designed for educational purposes and to assist traders in their technical analysis. It does not guarantee profitable trades and should not be considered as financial advice.
Users should conduct their own research and use this indicator in conjunction with other tools and strategies.
Trading involves significant risk, and it is possible to lose more than your initial investment.
Advanced RSI [CryptoSea]The Advanced RSI Duration (ARSI) is a unique tool crafted to deepen your market insights by focusing on the duration the Relative Strength Index (RSI) spends above or below key thresholds. This innovative approach is designed to help traders anticipate potential market reversals by observing sustained overbought and oversold conditions.
Core Feature
Duration Monitoring ARSI's standout feature is its ability to track how long the RSI remains in overbought (>70) or oversold (<30) conditions. By quantifying these durations, traders can gauge the strength of current market trends and the likelihood of reversals.
Enhanced Functionality
Multi-Timeframe Flexibility : Analyze the RSI duration from any selected timeframe on your current chart, offering a layered view of market dynamics.
Customizable Alerts : Receive notifications when the RSI maintains its position above or below set levels for an extended period, signaling sustained market pressure.
Visual Customization : Adjust the visual elements, including colors for overbought and oversold durations, to match your analytical style and preferences.
Label Management : Control the frequency of labels marking RSI threshold crossings, ensuring clarity and focus on significant market events.
Settings Overview
RSI Timeframe & Length : Tailor the RSI calculation to fit your analysis, choosing from various timeframes and period lengths.
Threshold Levels : Define what you consider overbought and oversold conditions with customizable upper and lower RSI levels.
Duration Alert Threshold : Set a specific bar count for how long the RSI should remain beyond these thresholds to trigger an alert.
Visualization Options : Choose distinct colors for durations above and below thresholds, and adjust label visibility to suit your charting approach.
Application & Strategy
Use ARSI to identify potential turning points in the market
Trend Exhaustion : Extended periods in overbought or oversold territories may indicate a strong trend but also warn of possible exhaustion and impending reversals.
Comparative Analysis : By evaluating the current duration against historical averages, traders can assess the relative strength of ongoing market conditions.
Strategic Entries/Exits : Utilize duration insights to refine entry and exit points, capitalizing on the predictive nature of prolonged RSI levels.
Alert Conditions
The Advanced RSI (ARSI) offers critical alert mechanisms to aid traders in identifying prolonged market conditions that could lead to actionable trading opportunities. These conditions are designed to alert traders when the RSI remains at extremes longer than typical durations, signaling sustained market behaviors.
Above Upper Level Alert: This alert is triggered when the RSI sustains above the upper threshold (usually 70) for more than the configured duration, indicating strong bullish momentum or potential overbought conditions.
Below Lower Level Alert: Similarly, this alert is activated when the RSI stays below the lower threshold (commonly 30) for an extended period, suggesting significant bearish momentum or potential oversold conditions.
These alerts enable traders to respond swiftly to extend market conditions, enhancing their strategy by providing timely insights into potential trend reversals or continuations.
The Advanced RSI Duration Analysis empowers traders with a nuanced understanding of market states, beyond mere RSI values. It highlights the significance of how long markets remain in extreme conditions, offering a predictive edge in anticipating reversals. Whether you're strategizing entries or preparing for shifts in market momentum, ARSI is your companion for informed trading decisions.
ITG Scalper with Early SignalsThe TEMA-MACD Fusion Indicator combines the Triple Exponential Moving Average (TEMA) and Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) to provide traders with a comprehensive insight into market momentum and trend direction.
TEMA is a powerful smoothing indicator that reduces lag and provides a clearer representation of price trends. By applying TEMA to MACD, this fusion indicator enhances the traditional MACD signals, offering more accurate and timely indications of trend changes and potential entry/exit points.
Key Features:
TEMA: The Triple Exponential Moving Average offers a unique perspective on price movements by providing a triple-smoothed average. It adapts more swiftly to changes in price compared to traditional moving averages, making it well-suited for capturing short to medium-term trends.
MACD: The Moving Average Convergence Divergence is a versatile momentum oscillator that depicts the relationship between two moving averages of an asset's price. It is widely used to identify trend direction, momentum strength, and potential reversal points.
Enhanced Signals: By integrating TEMA with MACD, this indicator generates enhanced signals that filter out noise and provide a clearer picture of market dynamics. It helps traders to identify trend reversals, confirm trend strength, and pinpoint potential entry and exit points with greater precision.
Customizable Parameters: Traders can customize the indicator's parameters according to their trading style and preferences, allowing for flexibility in signal generation and adaptability to various market conditions.
User-Friendly Interface: The indicator is designed with a user-friendly interface, making it accessible to traders of all levels of experience. Clear visual representations of signals and trend dynamics facilitate easy interpretation and decision-making.
Multi-Timeframe Compatibility: The TEMA-MACD Fusion Indicator is compatible with multiple timeframes, enabling traders to analyze trends and signals across different time horizons, from intraday to long-term perspectives.
Incorporate the TEMA-MACD Fusion Indicator into your trading strategy to gain deeper insights into market trends and make informed trading decisions with greater confidence.
Predictive Channel SignalsThis script is a comprehensive tool designed to enhance trading strategies by utilizing predictive channels, multiple moving average types, and dynamic signal generation. The script is meticulously crafted for traders who seek to identify potential support and resistance levels, anticipate market reversals, and optimize entry and exit points through advanced technical analysis featuring with the help of codes provided by LuxAlgo.
Core Features:
Dynamic Predictive Channels: The script calculates predictive channels based on price movements and volatility, represented by adjustable factors for sensitivity and slope. These channels adapt to changing market conditions, providing real-time support and resistance levels.
Versatile Moving Averages: Users can select from a variety of moving average types, including SMA, EMA, SMMA (RMA), HullMA, WMA, VWMA, DEMA, and TEMA. This flexibility allows traders to tailor the analysis to their specific strategy and market view.
Signal Generation: The script generates buying and selling signals based on the interaction between moving averages and predictive channels. Signals are categorized into low, mid, and high tiers, indicating the strength and potential risk/reward of the trade opportunity.
Visual Cues and Customization: With an emphasis on usability, the script offers customizable color schemes for easy interpretation of bullish and bearish zones, moving averages, and trading signals. Traders can quickly identify market trends and reversal points at a glance.
Advanced Calculations: Utilizing calculations such as the Average True Range (ATR) for volatility assessment, the script ensures that signals are both sensitive to market dynamics and robust against false positives.
Ideal for Traders Who:
Prefer a technical analysis approach with a focus on moving averages and price channels.
Desire a customizable tool that can adapt to different trading styles and market conditions.
Seek to enhance their trading strategy with predictive insights and actionable signals.
Circle = Entry Point
End of polyline = Stop Loss
1 Circle = Low Strength
2 Circles = Mid Strength
3 Circles = High Strength
Liquidity Trendline With Signals [BigBeluga]The Liquidity Trendline is an indicator designed to identify potential breakouts by utilizing pivot points. These pivotal moments can trigger significant market reactions, either by breaking out or by serving as breakout and retest signals.
🔶 FEATURES
The indicator contains the following features:
Period of the calculation
Padding (spacing between the 2 lines)
Signal for breakouts
🔶 USAGE
As shown in the example, breakouts can be powerful points to see reversions in the market and can lead to a lot of volatility in the market.
When a trendline is broken, a signal will be plotted; the user can disable/enable those signals.
A trendline is formed when 2 consecutive pivot points are found, each of them lower or higher than the previous one. this is the anchor point for our trend line that we will use to spot rejection or breakouts
The delay in the creation of those trend lines will be the period input used to find the pivot point on the chart.
Another good example is using these trendlines as simple retests.
Prices bouncing on top of them will suggest a possible continuation of the current trend.
We can filter out stronger breakouts by looking at how many times the price has rejected the trendline, more rejections will result in more liquidity once the price breaks it.
Signals are plotted on the chart for every breakout that happens.
Another good utility is simply using them as retest once the price breaks those levels and holding above/below them, indicating a possible support or resistance area used for confluence
Here is another good example of how we can correctly spot price deviating from our trendline and spotting powerful continuation in price.
As said before we can filter out bad and good breakouts simply by looking at how many times rejected from those levels.
More rejection will result in a stronger reaction
🔶 CONCLUSION
This script is as simple as that and can be used in a few ways to spot reversals, price continuation, or even sentiment in price (bullish or bearish).
Trend Signals with TP & SL [UAlgo]The "Trend Signals with TP & SL " indicator is a versatile tool designed to assist traders in identifying potential trend continuation opportunities within financial markets Utilizing a combination of technical indicators and user-defined parameters, this indicator aims to provide clear and actionable signals to aid traders in making informed trading decisions.
🔶 Features:
Trend Continuation Signals : The indicator generates signals to identify potential trend continuation points based on the input parameters such as sensitivity, ATR length, and cloud moving average length.
Take-Profit and Stop-Loss Levels: It calculates and plots three levels of take-profit (1R, 2R, 3R) and stop-loss levels based on the entry price of the trade.
Short Position Example:
Long Position Example:
Visualization: The script visualizes the trend signals, entry points, take-profit levels, and stop-loss levels on the price chart, making it easier for traders to interpret the signals.
Alert System: The indicator includes an alert system that notifies the user when there is a change in trend direction or when a buy/sell signal is generated. The alerts provide essential information such as entry price, take-profit levels, and stop-loss levels.
🔶 Calculations :
Trend Calculation: Trend signals are determined based on the comparison between the current closing price and the upper and lower bounds calculated using the Average True Range (ATR) multiplied by a sensitivity factor. A trend is considered bullish if the closing price is above the upper bound and bearish if it's below the lower bound.
Entry, Stop Loss, and Take Profit Calculation: Entry points for long and short positions are identified when there's a change in trend direction.
Stop-loss levels are calculated as a percentage of the entry price, where users can define the percentage based on their risk tolerance.
Take-profit levels are calculated as multiples of the stop-loss level (1R, 2R, 3R).
Cloud Moving Averages: Simple moving averages (SMAs) are calculated for high and low prices over a specified period to create a "cloud" visualization on the chart.
MACD Clouds: Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) indicator is used to determine the market's momentum and trend direction. Positive and negative clouds are plotted based on the MACD line and its signal line, indicating potential bullish or bearish trends.
Signal Generation: Buy and sell signals are generated based on specific conditions such as RSI, CMO (Chande Momentum Oscillator), and pivot points.
Signals are triggered when certain criteria are met, indicating potential opportunities for entering or exiting trades.
🔶 Disclaimer:
Use at Your Own Risk: Trading involves significant risk, and this script is provided for educational and informational purposes only. It does not guarantee profitable trades, and users should exercise caution and perform their own analysis before making trading decisions.
Parameter Sensitivity: The effectiveness of the indicator may vary depending on the chosen parameters, market conditions, and timeframe. Users are encouraged to backtest the script thoroughly and adjust the parameters according to their trading preferences.
Not Financial Advice: The information provided by this script should not be considered as financial advice. Users are solely responsible for their trading decisions and should consult with a qualified financial advisor if needed.
Backtesting and Validation: Before implementing this indicator in live trading, users are strongly encouraged to conduct rigorous backtesting and validation to assess its performance under various market conditions. Past performance is not indicative of future results, and users should carefully evaluate the effectiveness of the indicator based on their individual trading preferences and risk tolerance.
Inversion Fair Value Gaps (IFVG) [LuxAlgo]The Inversion Fair Value Gaps (IFVG) indicator is based on the inversion FVG concept by ICT and provides support and resistance zones based on mitigated Fair Value Gaps (FVGs).
🔶 USAGE
Once mitigation of an FVG occurs, we detect the zone as an "Inverted FVG". This would now be looked upon for potential support or resistance.
Mitigation occurs when the price closes above or below the FVG area in the opposite direction of its bias.
Inverted Bullish FVGs Turn into Potential Zones of Resistance.
Inverted Bearish FVGs Turn into Potential Zones of Support.
After the FVG has been mitigated, returning an inversion FVG, a signal is displayed each time the price retests an IFVG zone and breaks below or above (depending on the direction of the FVG).
Keep in mind how IFVGs are calculated and displayed. Once price mitigates an IFVG, all associated graphical elements such as areas, lines, and signals will be deleted.
This indicator is not meant to be just a 'signal indicator'. Backtesting historical signals is incorrect as it does not consider the mitigation of IFVGs, which is a standard method for trading IFVGs & various concepts by ICT.
The signals displayed are meant for real-time analysis of current bars for discretionary analysis. Current confirmed retests of unmitigated IFVGs are still displayed to show which IFVGS have had significant reactions.
🔶 SETTINGS
Show Last: Specifies the number of most recent FVG Inversions to display in Bullish/Bearish pairs, starting at the current and looking back. Max 100 Pairs.
Signal Preference: Allows the user to choose to send signals based on the (Wicks) or (Close) Prices. This can be changed based on user preference.
ATR Multiplier: Filters FVGs based on ATR Width, The script will only detect Inversions that are greater than the ATR * ATR Width.
🔶 ALERTS
This script includes alert options for all signals.
🔹 Bearish Signal
A bearish signal occurs when the price returns to a bearish inversion zone and rejects to the downside.
🔹 Bullish Signal
A bullish signal occurs when the price returns to a bullish inversion zone and bounces out of the top.
Blockunity Excess Index (BEI)Identify excess zones resulting in market reversals by visualizing price deviations from an average.
The Excess Index (BEI) is designed to identify excess zones resulting in reversals, based on price deviations from a moving average. This moving average is fully customizable (type, period to be taken into account, etc.). This indicator also multiplies the moving average with a configurable coefficient, to give dynamic support and resistance levels. Finally, the BEI also provides reversal signals to alert you to any risk of trend change, on any asset.
The Idea
The goal is to provide the community with a visual and customizable tool for analyzing large price deviations from an average.
How to Use
Very simple to use, this indicator plots colored zones according to the price's deviation from the moving average. Moving average extensions also provide dynamic support and resistance. Finally, signals alert you to potential reversal points.
Elements
The Moving Average
The Moving Average, which defaults to a gray line over 200 periods, serves as a stable reference point. It is accompanied by an Index, whose color varies from yellow to orange to red, offering an overview of market conditions.
Extensions
These dynamic lines can be used to determine effective supports and resistances.
Signals
Green and red triangles serve as clear indicators for buy and sell signals.
Settings
Mainly, the type of moving average is configurable. The default is an SMA.
A Simple Moving Average (SMA) calculates the average of a selected range of prices by the number of periods in that range.
But you can also, for example, switch the mode to EMA.
The Exponential Moving Average (EMA) is a moving average that places a greater weight and significance on the most recent data points:
You also have WMA.
A Weighted Moving Average (WMA) gives more weight on recent data and less on past data:
And finally, the possibility of having a PCMA.
PCMA takes into account the highest and lowest points in the lookback period and divides this by two to obtain an average:
You can change other parameters such as lookback periods, as well as the coefficient used to define extension lines.
You can refer to the tooltips directly in the indicator parameters.
For those who prefer a minimalist display, you can activate a "Bar Color" in the settings (You must also uncheck "Borders" and "Wick" in your Chart Settings), and deactivate all other elements as you wish:
Finally, you can customize all the different colors, as well as the parameters of the table that indicates the Index value and the asset trend.
How it Works
The Index is calculated using the following method:
abs_distance = math.abs(close - base_ma)
bei = (abs_distance - ta.lowest(abs_distance, lookback_norm)) / (ta.highest(abs_distance, lookback_norm) - ta.lowest(abs_distance, lookback_norm)) * 100
Signals are triggered according to the following conditions:
A Long (buy) signal is triggered when the Index falls below 100, when the closing price is lower than 5 periods ago, and when the price is under the moving average.
A Short (sell) signal is triggered when the Index falls below 100, when the closing price is greater than 5 periods ago, and when the price is above the moving average.
Confluence Buy-Sell Indicator with Fibonacci The script is a "Confluence Indicator with Fibonacci" designed to work on the TradingView platform. This indicator combines multiple technical analysis strategies to generate buy and sell signals based on user-defined confluence criteria. Here's a breakdown of its features:
Confluence Criteria: Users can enable or disable various strategies like MACD, RSI, Bollinger Bands, Divergence, Fibonacci, and Moving Average. The number of strategies that need to align for a signal to be generated can be set by the user.
Strategies Included:
MACD Strategy: Uses the Moving Average Convergence Divergence method to identify buy/sell opportunities.
RSI Strategy: Utilizes the Relative Strength Index to detect overbought or oversold conditions.
Bollinger Bands Strategy: Incorporates Bollinger Bands to identify volatility and potential buy/sell signals.
Divergence Strategy: A basic implementation that detects bullish and bearish divergences using the RSI.
Fibonacci Strategy: Uses Fibonacci retracement levels to determine potential support and resistance levels.
Moving Average Strategy: Employs a crossover system between the 50-period and 200-period simple moving averages.
Additional Features:
Support & Resistance: Identifies major support and resistance levels from the last 50 bars.
Pivot Points: Calculates pivot points to determine potential turning points.
Stop Loss Levels: Automatically calculates and plots stop-loss levels for buy and sell signals.
NYC Midnight Level: Option to display the New York City midnight price level.
Visualization: Plots buy and sell signals on the chart with green and red markers respectively.
Adequate Category:
"Technical Analysis Indicators & Overlays" or "Strategy & Scripting Tools".
Extreme Reversal SignalThe Extreme Reversal Signal is designed to signal potential pivot points when the price of an asset becomes extremely overbought or oversold. Extreme conditions typically signal a brief or extensive price reversal, offering valuable entry or exit points. It's important to note that this indicator may produce multiple signals, making it essential to corroborate these signals with other forms of analysis to determine their validity. While the default settings provide valuable insights, it might be beneficial to experiment with different configurations to ensure the indicator's efficacy.
Two primary conditions define extremely overbought and oversold states. The first condition is that the price must deviate by two standard deviations from the 20-day Simple Moving Average (SMA). The second condition is that the 3-day SMA of the 14-day Stochastic Oscillator (STO) derived from the 14-day Relative Strength Index (RSI) is above or below the upper or lower limit.
Oversold states arise when the first condition is met and the 3-day SMA of the 14-day Stochastic RSI falls below the lower limit, suggesting a buy signal. These are visually represented by green triangles below the price bars. Overbought states arise when the first condition is met and the 3-day SMA of the 14-day Stochastic RSI rises above the upper limit, suggesting a sell signal. These are visually represented by red triangles above the price bars. It's also possible to set up automated alerts to get notifications when either of these two conditions is met to avoid missing out.
While this indicator has traditionally identified overbought and oversold conditions in various different assets, past performance does not guarantee future results. Therefore, it is advisable to supplement this indicator with other technical tools. For instance, trend indicators can greatly improve the decision-making process when planning for entries and exit points.
